2000年 考研英语（旧卷）阅读理解（四选一） 第 1 篇 · 11–14 题答案与解析

题干以 because 句末待补全的结构出现，要求从四个选项里选出符合文意的原因。本质是问文章对某事实成因的具体陈述。

题干 The U.S. achieved its predominance after World War II because\_\_\_\_ 是不完整陈述句，主干 The U.S. achieved its predominance；after World War II 是时间状语；because 后接四个选项作原因状语从句。结构平铺直叙，无陷阱。

• A)无中生有

  原文从未提及美国为获取领先地位付出 painstaking efforts；恰恰相反，首句强调的是 long and effortless success。

• B)偷换概念

  原文 a market eight times larger than any competitor，比较对象是”任何对手”；选项偷改为 eight times larger than before（比”以前”大），且把”市场规模”当成原因本身，而非领先地位的表现之一。

• C)✓ 正确
  • the Europeans and Asians whose economies the war had destroyed↔the war had destroyed the economies of most potential competitors
  • the Europeans and Asians↔most potential competitors

  C 项把定位句 whose economies the war had destroyed 的因果完整重写，主语、宾语、谓语一一对应，且无任何添加，符合预判。

• D)张冠李戴

  原文中 unparalleled 修饰的是 economies of scale（规模经济），而非 workforce 的规模；且原文称工人是 the most skilled（最熟练），未提其 size。

题干 is manifested in the fact that the American\_\_\_\_ 要求选出原文中体现衰退的具体事实，是对原文某具体表述的细节核对。

题干 The loss of U.S. predominance in the world economy in the 1980s is manifested in the fact that the American\_\_\_\_ 主干为 The loss is manifested in the fact；that 引导同位语从句补足 fact 内容，American 后接的名词由选项补全。注意 manifested in 意为”通过……体现”，不是”导致”。

• A)与原文相反

  原文 By 1987 there was only one American television maker left, Zenith. (Now there is none: Zenith was bought by South Korea's LG Electronics in July.) 说的是只剩一家、且后来被韩国 LG 收购，根本谈不上”退守本土市场”。

• B)过度推断

  原文 For a while it looked as though the making of semiconductors...was going to be the next casualty. 是”一度看起来”会成为下一个牺牲品，是担忧/可能性，且文章并未说半导体业已被外企接管。选项把可能性当成事实。

• C)无中生有

  原文 America's machine-tool industry was on the ropes. 意为”陷入困境/濒临崩溃”，是被外部竞争挤压的结果；选项却说是 suicidal actions（自杀式举动）造成的崩溃，自加”自杀式举动”这一原因。

• D)✓ 正确
  • Foreign-made cars and textiles were sweeping into the domestic market.↔auto industry had lost part of its domestic market
  • cars↔auto industry

  D 项是原文”外车涌入本土市场”事实的视角反转表达，且只说 lost part of its domestic market（部分份额），与原文 sweeping into 的语义强度相符。

题干 What can be inferred from the passage? 字面给出 inferred，指向全篇推断。

题干 What can be inferred from the passage? 是简单一般疑问句，被动语态 can be inferred 强调推断主体不限；passage 指全文，提示范围在全篇而非某段。无陷阱。

• A)过度推断

  原文确有 crisis of confidence 与 Self-doubt has yielded to blind pride. 的情绪变化描述，但只针对”那一代美国人”，并未上升到”人性”。

• B)✓ 正确
  • Americans had found themselves at a loss over their fading industrial competitiveness.↔Intense competition may contribute to economic progress.
  • All of this caused a crisis of confidence.↔may contribute to economic progress
  • American industry has changed its structure, has gone on a diet, has learnt to be more quick-witted↔contribute to economic progress

  B 用 may contribute（可能促进）这一克制语气表达全文主线，既覆盖全文事实，又留出推断必要的余地——典型的”稳妥推断”型正确项。

• C)无中生有

  全文谈的是 international competition（外部竞争），并未提及任何 international cooperation（国际合作）；恰恰相反，美国复苏靠的是对内的产业自我改革。

• D)与原文相反

  全文开篇即点出 A history of long and effortless success can be a dreadful handicap——长久顺风顺水可能反而是负担。选项把它说成”为进一步发展铺路”，与原文论断方向相反。

题干 can be attributed to the\_\_\_\_ 要求选出作者归结的原因，本质是细节核对作者旁白对原因的判断。

题干 The author seems to believe the revival of the U.S. economy in the 1990s can be attributed to the\_\_\_\_ 主干 The author believes（that 省略）the revival can be attributed to ...；attributed to 意为”归因于”，注意 seems to 暗示作者并非斩钉截铁，但仍是作者立场。

• A)✓ 正确
  • the turning of the business cycle↔turning of the business cycle
  • Few Americans attribute this solely to such obvious causes↔turning of the business cycle

  A 项是定位句里原词照搬的归因选项，作者通过 Few...solely 与 obvious causes 暗示自己认为这是真正成因之一，与题干 seems to believe 的弱断言语气吻合。

• B)张冠李戴

  American industry has changed its structure 出自 Richard Cavanagh之口，属直接引语；这是被采访者的归因，不是作者本人的归因。

• C)张冠李戴

  our businesses are improving their productivity 出自 Stephen Moore；a golden age of business management 出自 William Sahlman。这些”管理改善”评价都来自被引者，不是作者旁白。

• D)无中生有

  全文未出现 education 或与教育相关的任何陈述；第 1 段提到 scientists were the world's best; its workers the most skilled，但说的是战后状态，不是 1990 年代复苏的原因。