2001年 考研英语（旧卷）阅读理解（四选一） 第 1 篇 · 21–24 题答案与解析

might be more clearly seen in sciences such as____ 问的是「可以在哪些具体学科中更清晰看到」，答案必须是文中点名的学科，而不是推断的结论。

The growth of specialisation in the 19th century might be more clearly seen in sciences such as____.：主语是 The growth of specialisation in the 19th century，谓语是 might be more clearly seen，介词短语 in sciences such as ____ 充当地点状语，空格处需要填入若干具体学科名。无陷阱。

• A)偷换概念

  sociology and chemistry 中 chemistry 符合「实验训练」，但 sociology（社会学）以社会调查与思辨为主，并不以 a mathematical or laboratory training 为根基。

• B)以偏概全

  physics and psychology 中 physics 符合，但 psychology 当时并非以数学或实验为核心训练，与原文 based especially on a mathematical or laboratory training 的「especially」语气不符。

• C)与原文相反

  sociology and psychology 中 sociology 与 psychology 都不以 a mathematical or laboratory training 为基础，与定位句完全不匹配。

• D)✓ 正确
  • based especially on a mathematical or laboratory training↔physics and chemistry

  预判要求「数学训练+实验训练」型学科，physics and chemistry 中物理对应数学训练、化学对应实验训练，是四个选项里唯一双特征均满足的组合，自然锁定 D。

We can infer from the passage that____. 没有给任何具体话题，只用 infer 标明题型——答案是原文事实的「一步逻辑延伸」。

We can infer from the passage that____.：主语 We，谓语 can infer，from the passage 是状语，that 引导宾语从句，空格处就是要填入的从句内容。结构平铺，无陷阱。

• A)与原文相反

  there is little distinction between specialisation and professionalisation 与原文 But specialisation was only one of a series of related developments in science affecting the process of communication. Another was the growing professionalisation of scientific activity. 相悖：原文明确把二者作为两个相关但独立的发展趋势并列展开。

• B)✓ 正确
  • exceptions can be found to any rule↔amateurs can compete with professionals in some areas of science
  • No clear-cut distinction can be drawn between professionals and amateurs in science↔amateurs can compete with professionals in some areas of science

  amateurs can compete with professionals in some areas of science 的限定词「some areas」与「exceptions」对应严丝合缝，强度恰好——不是「全部领域」、也不是「无法竞争」，正是推断题最稳妥的「中等强度」选项。

• C)与原文相反

  professionals tend to welcome amateurs into the scientific community 在原文找不到任何对应；恰相反，The overall result has been to make entrance to professional geological journals harder for amateurs 显示专业者反而在抬高门槛。

• D)与原文相反

  amateurs have national academic societies but no local ones 与 the amateurs have tended either to remain in local societies or to come together nationally in a different way 相悖：原文恰恰说业余者既留在地方性团体中、也以另一种方式在全国层面集结。

The author writes of the development of geology to demonstrate____. 直接用 to demonstrate 提问「写 geology 是为了证明什么」，是典型的例证目的题。

The author writes of the development of geology to demonstrate____.：主语 The author，谓语 writes of，宾语 the development of geology，不定式 to demonstrate 表目的，空格处填作者写它的真正目的。无陷阱。

• A)✓ 正确
  • The growth of specialisation in the nineteenth century, with its consequent requirement of a longer, more complex training, implied greater problems for amateur participation in science.↔the process of specialisation and professionalisation
  • Another was the growing professionalisation of scientific activity.↔the process of specialisation and professionalisation

  the process of specialisation and professionalisation 是 geology 例证所服务的上位论点的标准名词化表达，与定位句的论点完全对齐，故为正确答案。

• B)以偏概全

  the hardship of amateurs in scientific study 只是 implied greater problems for amateur participation in science 论点的后果之一，是例证内部的具体细节，并非作者写 geology 的主旨意图。

• C)以偏概全

  the change of policies in scientific publications 对应 reinforced by the widespread introduction of refereeing 等细节，是 geology 例证内部用以呈现专业化的现象，而非作者写 geology 想说明的真正目的。

• D)过度推断

  the discrimination of professionals against amateurs 把原文中「门槛提高」「分流出版」「分别组建团体」描述为带有道德判断的 discrimination（歧视），而原文用的都是中性叙述词。

The direct reason for specialisation is____. 问的是 specialisation 的直接原因，原文必有对应的因果句，属于细节题中的因果细节。

The direct reason for specialisation is____.：主语 The direct reason，介词短语 for specialisation 修饰主语，系动词 is，表语空格。形容词 direct 是题眼，决定排除「间接因」。

• A)偷换概念

  the development in communication 对应原文 But specialisation was only one of a series of related developments in science affecting the process of communication.，专业化与「沟通过程」是「同列相关变化」而非「因果关系」。

• B)偷换概念

  the growth of professionalisation 对应原文 Another was the growing professionalisation of scientific activity.——职业化是与专业化同列的「另一相关发展」，而非专业化的直接原因。

• C)✓ 正确
  • an increasing accumulation of scientific knowledge↔the expansion of scientific knowledge

  the expansion of scientific knowledge 直接对应定位句中作为 response 对象的那个名词短语，是四个选项里唯一保留「科学知识本身在变多」这一核心因果指向的选项。

• D)与原文相反

  the splitting up of academic societies 对应原文 professional geologists coming together nationally within one or two specific societies, whereas the amateurs have tended either to remain in local societies or to come together nationally in a different way，那是专业化推进后造成的结果，因果方向被颠倒。