2023年 考研英语一段落排序 · 41-45 答案与解析

Last year marked the 150th anniversary of a series of Yellowstone photographs by the renowned landscape photographer William Henry Jackson. Jackson snapped the first-ever shots of iconic landmarks such as the Tetons, Old Faithful and the Colorado Rockies on a late 19th-century expedition through the Yellowstone Basin, conducted by the head of the U.S. Geological and Geographical Survey of the Territories, Ferdinand V. Hayden. The team included a meteorologist, a zoologist, a mineralogist, and an agricultural statistician.

去年是著名风景摄影师威廉·亨利·杰克逊拍摄的一系列黄石公园照片的150周年纪念。杰克逊在19世纪晚期由美国地质与地理调查局局长费迪南德·V·海登领导的穿越黄石盆地的考察活动中,拍摄了提顿山脉、老忠实泉和科罗拉多落基山脉等标志性地标的首批照片。该团队包括一名气象学家、一名动物学家、一名矿物学家和一名农业统计学家。

Two centuries ago, the idea of preserving nature, rather than exploiting it, was a novel one to many US settlers. One of the turning points in public support for land conservation efforts—and recognizing the magnificence of the Yellowstone region in particular—came in the form of vivid photographs.

两个世纪前,保护自然而非开发自然的理念对许多美国定居者来说是新颖的。公众对土地保护工作支持的转折点之一——特别是认识到黄石地区的壮丽——以生动的照片形式出现。

As an effective Washington operator, Hayden sensed that he could capitalize on the expedition's stunning visuals. He asked Jackson to print out large copies and distributed them, along with reproductions of Moran's paintings, to each member of Congress. "The visualization, particularly those photographs, really hit home that this is something that has to be protected," says Alicia Murphy, Yellowstone's park historian.

作为一名高效的华盛顿操盘手,海登意识到他可以利用考察队令人震撼的视觉成果。他要求杰克逊冲印出大幅照片,并将它们连同莫兰画作的复制品一起分发给国会的每一位成员。黄石公园历史学家艾丽西娅·墨菲说:"这种可视化呈现,尤其是那些照片,真正让人们认识到这是必须保护的东西。

Throughout the trip, Jackson juggled multiple cameras and plate sizes using the collodion process that involved coating the plates with a chemical mixture, exposing them and developing the resulting images with a portable darkroom. The crude technique required educated guesses on exposure times, and involved heavy, awkward equipment—several men had to assist in its transportation. Despite these challenges, Jackson captured dozens of striking photos, ranging from majestic images like his now-famous snapshot of Old Faithful, to casual portraits of expedition members at the camp. While veterans of previous expeditions had written at length about stunning sights, these vivid photographs were another thing entirely.

整个行程中,杰克逊使用火棉胶工艺处理多台相机和不同尺寸的底板,该工艺涉及用化学混合物涂覆底板、曝光并用便携式暗房冲洗成像。这种粗糙的技术需要对曝光时间进行有根据的猜测,并涉及笨重、难以操作的设备——需要几个人协助运输。尽管面临这些挑战,杰克逊还是拍摄了数十张引人注目的照片,从他现在著名的老忠实泉快照等宏伟图像,到考察队成员在营地的随意肖像。虽然之前考察活动的老兵们曾详细描写过令人惊叹的景象,但这些生动的照片完全是另一回事。

The journey officially began in Ogden, Utah, on June 8, 1871. Over nearly four months, dozens of men made their way on horseback into Montana and traversed along the Yellowstone River and around Yellowstone Lake. That fall, they concluded the survey in Fort Bridger, Wyoming.

这次旅程于1871年6月8日在犹他州奥格登正式开始。在将近四个月的时间里,数十名男子骑马进入蒙大拿州,沿着黄石河穿行并环绕黄石湖。那年秋天,他们在怀俄明州布里杰堡完成了调查。

Though Native Americans (and later miners and fur trappers) had long recognized the area's riches, most Americans did not. That's why Hayden's expedition aimed to produce a fuller understanding of the Yellowstone River region, from its hot springs and waterfalls to its variety of flora and fauna. In addition to the entourage of scientists, the team also included artists: Painter Thomas Moran and photographer Jackson were charged with capturing this astounding natural beauty and sharing it with the world.

尽管美洲原住民(以及后来的矿工和毛皮猎人)早就认识到该地区的丰富资源,但大多数美国人并不了解。这就是为什么海登的考察旨在对黄石河地区产生更全面的了解,从它的温泉和瀑布到各种动植物。除了科学家随行人员外,该团队还包括艺术家:画家托马斯·莫兰和摄影师杰克逊负责捕捉这惊人的自然美景并与世界分享。

The bill proved largely popular and sailed through Congress with large majorities in favor. In quick succession, the Senate and House passed legislation protecting Yellowstone in early 1872. That March, President Ulysses S. Grant signed an act into law that established Yellowstone as the world's first national park. While some locals opposed the designation, the decision was largely accepted—and Jackson's photos played a key role in the fight to protect the area. "I don't believe that the legal protection would have happened in the time frame that it did without those images," says Heather Hansen, journalist and author of Prophets and Moguls, Rangers and Rogues, Bison and Bears: 100 Years of the National Park Service.

该法案证明非常受欢迎,并以绝对多数的支持在国会顺利通过。参议院和众议院相继在1872年初通过了保护黄石的立法。那年三月,尤利西斯·S·格兰特总统签署法案使黄石成为世界上第一个国家公园。虽然一些当地人反对这一指定,但这一决定在很大程度上被接受——杰克逊的照片在保护该地区的斗争中发挥了关键作用。记者兼《先知与大亨、护林员与流氓、野牛与熊:国家公园管理局100年》一书的作者希瑟·汉森说:"我不相信如果没有那些图像,法律保护会在那个时间框架内实现。

Perhaps most importantly, these images provided documentary evidence that later made its way to government officials. Weeks after completing the expedition, Hayden collected his team's observations into an extensive report aimed at convincing senators and representatives, along with colleagues at government agencies like the Department of the Interior, that Yellowstone ought to be preserved.

也许最重要的是,这些图像提供了后来送达政府官员手中的纪实证据。完成考察几周后,海登将其团队的观察结果汇编成一份详尽的报告,旨在说服参议员和众议员,以及内政部等政府机构的同事,黄石应该得到保护。