which 引导定语从句，指代事物；在非限制性定语从句里还能指代前面整个句子（which 前有逗号）。它与 that 的硬性区别是真题高频考点：介词提前时只能用 which（in which / of which），非限制性从句也只能用 which。
英语四级真题里 which 引导的从句共 370 处实例，覆盖 2 类从句；本页按从句类型分节，精选 48 句真题例句（出自 32 套真题卷，句长 11–60 词）。 每节先给该类型的实例计数与所属从句族入口，再逐句给出例句：高亮从句在原句中的位置，标注它在句中的功能与嵌套层级，附中文翻译、逐句解析与出处试卷； 点句卡末尾的「本句详情」可看结构树逐层拆解、成分与时态标注、考点讲解与真题高频词。
判断要点 逗号后指物一律用 which；介词后一律用 which。判断 which 指代什么时，先看它前面最近的名词，讲不通再考虑指代前面整句。
本页精选的 48 句真题例句已由懒笔记排版为 A4 打印版 PDF，可免费下载，PDF 内的真题出处链接均可点击。
"The degree to which we find these flavors bitter is, in part, determined by your genes."
我们觉得这些味道有多苦，部分取决于你的基因。
这是限制性定语从句，修饰先行词 "degree"，没有逗号，限定的是苦味被感知的程度。关系结构是 "to which"，其中 "which" 作介词 "to" 的宾语；从句内部的基本结构是 "we find these flavors bitter"，即“我们发现这些味道是苦的”。
There are now dozens of criminal cases in which offenders have passed themselves off as people of a different age, race or gender, sending police investigations down the wrong path.
现在有数十起刑事案件，在这些案件中，犯罪者将自己冒充为不同年龄、种族或性别的人，使警方调查走入歧途。
该从句由 "in which" 引导，修饰先行词 "criminal cases"，说明“在这些案件中”犯罪者如何伪装身份。"which" 作介词 "in" 的宾语，整个关系词组 "in which" 在从句中作状语；从句前无逗号，且用于限定案件类型，因此是限制性定语从句。
Other studies, including studies of wheat in India and corn in Africa, also found that there is a threshold above which yields sharply decline: crops can adapt and move, but only to a point.
其他研究，包括在印度的小麦研究和在非洲的玉米研究，也发现存在一个阈值，超过这个阈值产量会急剧下降：作物可以适应和迁移，但只是在一定程度上。
"介词 above + which" 引导限制性定语从句，修饰先行词 threshold；which 在从句中作介词 above 的宾语，表示 "在这个阈值之上"；从句主干为 "yields sharply decline"。
Are we willing to accept a system in which an increase in amenities purchased by the affluent means a reduction in amenities for the poor?
我们是否愿意接受这样一种体系：在该体系中，富人购买的便利设施的增加意味着穷人的便利设施的减少？
限制性定语从句,修饰先行词 "a system","in which" 中 "which" 作介词 "in" 的宾语。从句内部主语为 "an increase in amenities purchased by the affluent",谓语为 "means",宾语为 "a reduction in amenities for the poor"。主语和宾语内部都包含复杂的修饰成分。
The study found that team-building exercises which focused on the sharing of and intervening into personal attitudes and relationships between team members were considered too heavy-handed and intrusive, although the researchers say some degree of openness and vulnerability is often necessary to make deep, effective connections with colleagues.
该研究发现，那些专注于分享和干预团队成员之间的个人态度及关系的团队建设练习被认为过于强硬和侵入性，尽管研究人员表示某种程度的开放和脆弱性对于与同事建立深厚、有效的联系往往是必要的。
限制性定语从句，修饰先行词 "team-building exercises"，由关系代词 "which" 引导。"which" 在从句中作主语，谓语是 "focused on"，宾语是并列的动名词短语 "the sharing of and intervening into…"。
On the 1st of January, new regulations will come into effect which eliminate an annual leave bonus for people who put off marrying until the age of 23 for women, and 25 for men, the South China Morning Post reports.
《南华早报》报道，1月1日，新规定将生效，这些规定取消了女性23岁、男性25岁才结婚的人的年度休假奖金。
该从句由关系代词 "which" 引导,修饰先行词 "new regulations",说明这些规定的具体内容。"which" 在从句中作主语,谓语为 "eliminate",无逗号隔开,具有限定作用。
Francesca Haass, a senior at Middlebury, says, "I find the in-class ones are more stressful in the short term, but there is immediate relief as you swallow information like mad, and then you get to forget it all. Take-homes require thoughtful engagement which can lead to longer term stress as there is never a moment when the time is up."
明德学院大四学生弗朗西斯卡·哈斯说：“我发现课堂测验在短期内压力更大，但当你拼命吸收信息时会立即感到解脱，然后你就可以把它全忘了。家庭作业需要深思熟虑的参与，这可能会导致长期压力，因为从来没有时间结束的那一刻。”
"which can lead to longer term stress ..." 紧跟先行词 "thoughtful engagement",无逗号隔开,限定说明这种 engagement 会导致什么结果;"which" 在从句中作主语,谓语为 "can lead"。
Using this five-note scale, musicians from around the globe have a medium through which they can relate, communicate, perform, and ultimately understand each other.
借助这个五声音阶，来自全球各地的音乐家拥有了一种媒介，通过这种媒介，他们能够彼此建立联系、交流、表演，并最终相互理解。
该从句紧跟先行词 "a medium"，没有逗号，限定说明是哪一种媒介。关系结构是 "through which"，其中 "which" 作介词 "through" 的宾语；从句内部的主干为 "they can relate, communicate, perform, and ultimately understand each other"，含四个并列谓语。
Great Barrier Island is compared to another island which attracted a lot of artists and people who wished to stay away from city life half a century ago.
大堡礁岛被拿来与另一座岛屿作比较；半个世纪前，那座岛吸引了许多艺术家和希望远离城市生活的人。
该从句紧跟先行词 "another island"，没有逗号隔开，用来限定所比较的是哪一座岛。关系代词 "which" 指代该岛，并在从句中充当 "attracted" 的主语，因此不可省略。
Thus, the degree to which we act cooperatively or selfishly is unique to each individual and depends on a variety of genetic and environmental influences.
因此，我们采取合作或自私行为的程度因人而异，并取决于多种遗传因素和环境因素的影响。
该从句紧跟先行词 "the degree"，没有逗号，限定具体是哪一种程度，因此是限制性定语从句。关系结构是 "to which"，其中 "which" 作介词 "to" 的宾语，整个从句表达“我们以合作或自私的方式行事的程度”。
Kinvara Carey, general manager of an association of the biggest bottled water manufacturers, cites a survey in which people were asked what they would do if bottled water were not available.
金瓦拉·凯里，最大瓶装水制造商协会的总经理，引用了一项调查，在该调查中，人们被问及如果瓶装水不可用，他们会怎么做。
"in which people were asked what they would do if bottled water were not available" 由 "in which" 引导,修饰先行词 "a survey",限定是哪种调查。"which" 在从句中作介词 "in" 的宾语(相当于 people were asked in the survey),属于限制性定语从句。
The 20% error rate observed in the study likely underestimates the extent to which people would struggle to tell an artificial face from the real thing outside of the lab.
研究中观察到的20%错误率可能低估了人们在实验室外难以区分人造面孔和真实面孔的程度。
关系代词"which"与介词"to"前置(to which),引导限制性定语从句修饰先行词"the extent"。从句内部"people would struggle to tell…"结构完整,"to which"中"which"指代"extent",在从句中作介词"to"的宾语(struggle to the extent → to which)。从句说明"extent"的具体内容,删去后主句"underestimates the extent"意义残缺,符合限制性定语从句特征。
Americans now have a labor market in which millions of people—those with fewer skills and less education—are seeking whatever poorly paid work they can get.
美国人现在拥有一个劳动力市场，在这个市场中，数百万的人——那些技能较少且教育程度较低的人——正在寻找他们能找到的任何低薪工作。
"in which"引导限制性定语从句修饰先行词"a labor market"，"which"在从句中作介词"in"的宾语。从句主语为"millions of people"，谓语"are seeking"，宾语"whatever poorly paid work they can get"。破折号内"those with fewer skills and less education"为同位语，非从句成分。
A team of researchers led by Priyanka Joshi examined the degree to which men and women relied on "communicative abstraction" to verbally convey their ideas and emotions.
由Priyanka Joshi领导的一组研究人员考察了男性和女性在多大程度上依赖“交流抽象化”来口头表达他们的想法和情感。
"to which" 引导限制性定语从句修饰先行词 "the degree"，"which" 在从句中作介词 "to" 的宾语（relied on sth to the degree），从句内部主语是 "men and women"，谓语是 "relied on"，宾语是 "communicative abstraction"。
One American philosopher stated that addressing the needs of the poor and vulnerable is about more than money—it is mostly about creating conditions under which prosperity and opportunity can thrive.
一位美国哲学家指出，解决穷人和弱势群体的需求不仅仅是钱的问题——主要是关于创造让繁荣和机会能够蓬勃发展的条件。
介词 under 与关系代词 which 前置,引导限制性定语从句修饰先行词"conditions"。which 在从句中作介词 under 的宾语,表示"在这些条件下",从句主语为"prosperity and opportunity",谓语为"can thrive"。
Over five experiments, researchers gave participants tasks in which they could cheat.
在五个实验中，研究人员给参与者分配了他们可以作弊的任务。
限制性定语从句,修饰先行词 "tasks"。引导词 "which" 在从句中作介词 "in" 的宾语,构成 "in which" 结构(= in the tasks),从句主语 "they"(指代 participants)、情态动词 "could"、谓语 "cheat" 构成完整谓语结构。该从句限定了 tasks 的性质:是那些参与者可以在其中作弊的任务。无逗号隔开,与先行词紧密相连,删去则 "tasks" 所指不明,故为限制性。
Pain is the only feeling to which the nerves in that layer respond.
疼痛是那个层面的神经所响应的唯一感觉。
限制性定语从句修饰先行词"feeling"。关系词"which"与介词"to"前置组合成"to which",在从句中充当"respond"的介词宾语(respond to sth)。从句结构为"the nerves in that layer respond (to which)",关系词留下介词宾语缺口,符合限制性定语从句特征:无逗号、限定先行词范围(不是所有感觉,只是神经会响应的感觉)。
But it is impossible to know the exact day on which he was born.
但是不可能知道他出生的确切日期。
限制性定语从句,修饰先行词 "the exact day"。关系词 "which" 与介词 "on" 前置组合,在从句中充当介词宾语(born on the day)。从句主语 "he",谓语 "was born" 为被动语态。无逗号隔开,删去后 "the exact day" 语义不完整,符合限制性定语特征。
These factors could definitely affect the degree to which someone is comfortable with tactile(触觉的) communication and physical intimacy.
这些因素肯定会影响一个人对触觉交流和身体亲密行为感到舒适的程度。
限制性定语从句，修饰先行词"the degree"。关系词"which"与介词"to"构成"to which"结构，在从句中作介词宾语（someone is comfortable to the degree）。从句内部完整："someone is comfortable with tactile communication and physical intimacy"，无逗号隔开，限定"degree"的具体内容。
To find out, researchers designed a study in which 52 obese women took part in a 12-week weight loss programme.
为了找出答案，研究人员设计了一项研究，52名肥胖女性参与了这项为期12周的减肥计划。
这是限制性定语从句,修饰先行词 "a study"。关系词 "which" 与介词 "in" 前置组成 "in which",在从句中 "which" 指代 "study",整体相当于 "in the study"。从句主干是 "52 obese women took part in a 12-week weight loss programme",其中 "took part" 后省略了重复的 "in" 以避免冗余(完整形式应为 took part in,但因 "in which" 已将 "in" 前置,从句中保留了习惯用法 "took part in")。从句无逗号隔开,对先行词构成限定。
But current studies are beginning to place greater emphasis on the conditions under which we forget, as its importance begins to be more appreciated.
但是当前的研究正开始更加强调我们遗忘的条件，因为其重要性开始被更多地认识到。
限制性定语从句,修饰先行词 "the conditions"。关系代词 "which" 作介词 "under" 的宾语,介词前置构成 "under which" 结构(= the conditions under which = 在……条件下)。从句主谓完整 "we forget",限定了是哪些条件——我们遗忘所处的条件。无逗号隔开,删去后 "the conditions" 所指不明,属限制性。
What do we learn about the donkey which is said to be the father of the U. S. mule industry?
关于那头据说是美国骡子产业之父的驴子，我们了解到了什么？
这是限制性定语从句,由关系代词"which"引导,修饰先行词"the donkey"。从句无逗号与先行词隔开,为限制性修饰。"which"在从句中充当主语,从句谓语为被动语态"is said to be",后接名词性成分"the father of the U. S. mule industry"作主语补足语。从句结构完整,无内部嵌套从句。
"Sugar, alcohol and tobacco," economist Adam Smith once wrote, "are commodities which are nowhere necessaries of life, which have become objects of almost universal consumption, and which are, therefore, extremely popular subjects of taxation."
“糖、酒精和烟草，”经济学家亚当·斯密曾写道，“是那些在任何地方都不是生活必需品、已成为几乎普遍消费品、因此也是极其受欢迎的征税对象的商品。”
第三个限制性定语从句，与前两个并列修饰 "commodities"。"which" 作主语，"are" 是系动词，"subjects" 是表语，"of taxation" 是介词短语作后置定语修饰 "subjects"。"therefore" 是连接副词表结果，"extremely popular" 是形容词短语作定语修饰 "subjects"。逗号将 "therefore" 隔开作插入成分。
Forty-eight of the students received instruction in study skills only, whereas the others attended a combination of study skills sessions and classes in which they learned about the growth mind-set and how to apply it to schoolwork.
四十八名学生只接受了学习技能的指导，而其余学生参加了学习技能课程和一些班级，在这些班级中他们学习了成长型思维模式以及如何将其应用于学业。
介词in提前的限制性定语从句,修饰先行词"classes"。关系词which在从句中作介词in的宾语(in which = in the classes),从句主语"they",谓语"learned",宾语包含并列结构"about the growth mind-set and how to apply it"。
The most common question I'm asked always centers around how to get started in user experience design, to which my response is always that nothing can substitute real-world experience.
我被问到的最常见问题总是围绕如何开始用户体验设计，对此我的回答总是没有什么能替代真实世界的经验。
"to which" 引导逗号后的补充性定语从句，"which" 指代前面的 "question" 或该问题所涉及的内容，并作介词 "to" 的宾语；该从句补充说明"对这个问题,我的回答总是……"，删去后前面主句仍可独立成立。
M: While most financial planners do give numbers, I don't think that's useful, as people are living in different areas with different costs of living, and have different needs and wants, which is why I suggest that people aim for financial independence.
M：虽然大多数理财规划师确实会给出具体数字，但我认为那没什么用，因为人们生活在不同的地区，有着不同的生活成本，而且需求和欲望也各不相同，这就是为什么我建议人们以财务独立为目标。
由which引导的非限制性定语从句,which指代前面"people are living in different areas...and have different needs and wants"这一整体情况,在从句中作主语。从句采用"which is why..."结构,其中"why I suggest..."是表语从句,说明原因的具体内容。
Highly processed food tends to be softer, which makes it easier to chew and swallow.
高度加工的食物通常质地更柔软，因此更容易咀嚼和吞咽。
逗号将该从句与主句隔开，"which" 在从句中作主语，指代前面 "Highly processed food tends to be softer" 这一事实；从句说明这种柔软性使食物更容易咀嚼和吞咽，因此属于非限制性定语从句。
One type of disgust is called physical disgust, which protects us from eating or touching things that could be dangerous for us, such as raw meat or insects.
厌恶的一种类型称为生理性厌恶，它能保护我们免于食用或接触可能对我们有害的东西，例如生肉或昆虫。
逗号后的 "which protects..." 对前面的 "physical disgust" 作补充说明。"which" 在从句中作主语，且该从句用逗号隔开，删去后主句 "One type of disgust is called physical disgust" 仍然完整，因此是非限制性定语从句。
Many start off as part of larger plastic objects, which over time fragment into smaller and smaller pieces until they become tiny: 5 millimeters or less in diameter.
许多微塑料最初是较大塑料制品的一部分，随着时间的推移，它们逐渐碎裂成越来越小的碎片，最终变得十分微小，直径仅为5毫米或更小。
该从句由逗号后的关系代词 "which" 引导，对先行词 "larger plastic objects" 作补充说明；"which" 在从句中作 "fragment" 的主语。删除该从句后，主句 "Many start off as part of larger plastic objects" 仍然成立，因此属于非限制性定语从句。
"If we have had a great phone interview and then we wrap up and they don't have any questions for me, it pretty much ruins the whole interview. It tells me that the candidate is uninterested in the role, which in reality might not be the case at all," she notes.
她指出：“如果我们进行了一次很棒的电话面试，随后准备结束时，对方却没有任何问题要问我，那基本上就会毁掉整场面试。这会让我觉得候选人对这个职位不感兴趣，但实际上可能完全不是这么回事。”
逗号后的 "which" 引出非限制性定语从句，补充评论前面的整个判断 "the candidate is uninterested in the role"，而不是只修饰紧邻的名词 "role"。"which" 在从句中充当主语，"might not be" 是谓语部分。
Several lifestyle studies are getting underway soon, including one backed by the Alzheimer's Association called the US POINTER study, which will offer at-risk adults, ages 60-79, a series of lifestyle interventions(干预) to see if they impact Alzheimer's risk.
几项生活方式研究即将启动，其中包括一项由阿尔茨海默病协会支持、名为 US POINTER 的研究。该研究将为年龄在 60 至 79 岁、存在患病风险的成年人提供一系列生活方式干预措施，以观察这些措施是否会影响他们患阿尔茨海默病的风险。
该从句由逗号后的关系词 "which" 引导，补充说明前面的 "the US POINTER study"；"which" 在从句中作主语，"will offer" 是谓语，因此属于非限制性定语从句。
Though the study mentioned above was fairly small (only 191 women took the initial fitness test, which means it's hard to maintain statistical significance while breaking the group down into sub-categories of more or less fit), it does give us hope that dementia can be prevented or delayed through exercise in one's middle age.
尽管上述研究的规模相当有限（最初只有191名女性接受了体能测试，这意味着如果再按体能水平将参与者细分为更健康和不太健康的亚组，就很难保持统计学显著性），但它确实让我们看到希望：人在中年时期通过锻炼，或许能够预防或延缓痴呆症的发生。
逗号后的"which"引导非限制性定语从句，"which"在从句中作"means"的主语，并指代前面的整个分句"only 191 women took the initial fitness test"。
A big reason is that they are driven by unconscious urges, the biggest of which is emotion.
一个重要原因是，他们受无意识冲动的驱使，而其中最强烈的冲动就是情感。
该从句由逗号与前面的"unconscious urges"隔开，属于非限制性定语从句。"which"位于介词"of"之后，指代"unconscious urges"；"the biggest"表示这些 urges 中最大或最重要的一项，而该项是"emotion"。
But she does eat yogurt every day, which she said has "an infinite number of positive properties" for the body.
但她确实每天都吃酸奶，她说酸奶对身体有“无数积极的特性”。
"which" 指代前面的名词 "yogurt",从句用逗号与主句隔开,对酸奶作补充说明,因此是非限制性定语从句。"which" 在内部充当 "has" 的主语；"she said" 是插入语,交代信息来源,不影响从句的主谓关系。
A phantom jam begins when a car in dense traffic slows down even slightly, which causes the car behind that vehicle to slow even more—and the slowing action spreads backward through the lane of traffic like a wave, getting worse the farther it spreads.
幽灵堵车始于密集车流中的一辆车即使轻微减速，这会导致该车辆后方的车减速更多——并且这种减速行为像波浪一样在车道中向后传播，传播得越远情况越糟。
"which" 前有逗号,引导非限制性定语从句,补充说明前面整个事件(车辆减速)造成的结果。"which" 在从句中作主语,谓语是 "causes"。
There's also a qualified self, which is who I am, what are my activities, my social network, and all of these aspects are not reflected in any of these measurements.
也存在一个有条件的自我，即我是谁、我的活动是什么、我的社交网络以及所有这些方面都没有在这些测量中的任何一个中得到反映。
非限制性定语从句,用逗号与先行词"a qualified self"隔开。"which"在从句中作主语,后接系动词"is"和四个并列的表语成分(三个表语从句和一个名词短语),以及并列的谓语结构"are not reflected in any of these measurements"。整个从句对"qualified self"进行详细解释,说明其包含的内容维度及其未被测量反映的事实。
People living in rural areas, however, lag behind in online use, which limits their access to government services, banking and job opportunities.
然而，居住在农村地区的人们在网络使用方面落后，这限制了他们获取政府服务、银行业务和就业机会的途径。
"which" 引导非限制性定语从句，前面有逗号隔开，不能改用 "that"。这里 "which" 在从句中作主语，谓语是 "limits"；它不是只指某个单独名词，而是指前面“农村地区的人在网络使用方面落后”这一整件事，并说明这种情况限制了他们获得政府服务、银行服务和就业机会的渠道。
When she did sleep, she experienced "problem-solving dreams," which left her feeling unrested when she woke up.
当她真的入睡时，她会经历“解决问题的梦”，这让她醒来时感觉没有休息好。
"which left her feeling unrested when she woke up" 由关系代词 "which" 引导，前面有逗号，补充说明先行词 "problem-solving dreams" 的影响。"which" 在从句中作主语，谓语是 "left"，宾语是 "her"，宾补是 "feeling unrested"，因此属于非限制性定语从句。
He recalled a recent paper he submitted to a journal, which accepted it only to request extensive editing, and then reversed course and rejected it.
他回忆起自己最近向一家期刊提交的一篇论文，该期刊接受了这篇论文，却又要求进行大量编辑，然后改变决定，拒绝了这篇论文。
"which accepted it only to request extensive editing, and then reversed course and rejected it" 由逗号加关系词 "which" 引出,对前面的名词先行词 "journal" 作补充说明。"which" 在从句中作主语，谓语由并列动作 "accepted"、"reversed"、"rejected" 构成；该从句不限定是哪一本期刊，而是补充这本期刊后续的处理过程。
That's the conclusion of a recently released study, which analysed 259 bottles from 11 brands sold in nine countries, revealing an average of 325 plastic particles per liter of water.
那是一项最近发布的研究的结论，该研究分析了来自在九个国家销售的11个品牌的259个瓶子，揭示了每升水中平均325个塑料颗粒。
"which" 指代前面的名词短语 "a recently released study"，并在从句中作主语，谓语为 "analysed"；该从句前有逗号，属于对该研究的补充说明，删去后主句 "That's the conclusion of a recently released study" 仍可成立，因此是非限制性定语从句。
In my line of work, you hear a lot about talent, which is an idea we've mostly invented to give ourselves an excuse to be lazy.
在我的工作领域，你会听到很多关于天赋的说法，这是一个我们主要为了给自己找一个懒惰的借口而发明出来的概念。
非限制性定语从句，用which指代前面的"talent"，与先行词用逗号隔开；which在从句中作主语，表语为"an idea"；表达作者对才能概念的批判性观点——认为它是人为发明的概念。从句内部嵌套零引导的限制性定语从句"we've mostly invented"修饰idea，以及不定式短语"to give ourselves an excuse to be lazy"作目的状语。
"One of the risk factors for premature deaths is the air we breathe, over which individuals have little control," he said.
"过早死亡的风险因素之一是我们呼吸的空气，对此个人几乎无法控制，"他说。
非限制性定语从句，由逗号隔开，修饰先行词 "the air we breathe"。关系代词 "which" 与介词 "over" 一起前置(介词+关系代词结构)，"which" 在从句中作介词 "over" 的宾语。从句主干是 "individuals have little control over it(=the air)"，改写为 "over which individuals have little control"。
No matter how the math works out, you persistently view restaurants with voluntary tipping systems as being a better value, which makes it extremely difficult for restaurants and bars to do away with the tipping system.
无论计算结果如何，你始终认为采用自愿小费制度的餐厅更划算，这使得餐馆和酒吧极难废除小费制度。
"which" 引导逗号后的非限制性定语从句，并在从句中作主语，谓语是 "makes"。这里 "which" 指代前面整句所说的“人们一直把自愿小费制餐厅看作更划算”这一情况，补充说明其结果。
Even if they could, SimpliSafe claims that its system is always evolving, and that it varies slightly from system to system, which means there wouldn't be a universal magic formula for cracking it.
即使他们能够做到，SimpliSafe声称其系统一直在进化，并且系统之间略有不同，这意味着不存在破解它的通用神奇公式。
非限制性定语从句,由 "which" 引导,前有逗号隔开。"which" 指代前面整个主句内容(系统持续演进且各不相同),在从句中作主语。从句内部包含宾语从句 "there wouldn't be a universal magic formula for cracking it"。
It's a pretty easy job, but one with lots of downtime—which means you'll have plenty of time to catch up on reading, do homework or study for an exam.
这是一份相当简单的工作，但却是一份有很多 downtime 的工作——这意味着你将有大量时间来赶阅读进度、做作业或为考试学习。
"which" 引导破折号后的补充性从句，指代前文“这份工作有很多空闲时间”这一整体情况，并在从句中作 "means" 的主语。该从句不是限定某个名词的必要信息，而是补充说明前文情况带来的结果。
"When people are sleep-deprived, there are higher levels of stress hormones in their bodies, which can decrease immune function," says Doctor Felice of Northwestern University in Chicago.
"当人们睡眠不足时，他们体内的应激激素水平会更高，这会降低免疫功能，"芝加哥西北大学的费利斯博士说。
由 "which" 引导的非限制性定语从句,前有逗号隔开。"which" 指代前面整个主句内容(应激激素水平升高这一现象),在从句中作主语。
Based on the participants' self-reported symptoms, withdrawal symptoms were significantly more intense between the second and fifth days after attempting to reduce junk-food consumption, which parallels the time span people live through during drug withdrawal.
根据参与者自我报告的症状，在尝试减少垃圾食品摄入后的第2至第5天，戒断症状明显更为强烈，这与人们经历药物戒断时所持续的时间段相当。
逗号后的“which parallels...”是非限制性定语从句。“which”在从句中作主语，指代前面整个主句所表达的事实，尤其是症状加重发生的时间关系；该从句提供补充说明，删去后主句仍然完整。
We saw the Trevi Fountain, which is in all the guidebooks.
我们参观了特莱维喷泉，所有旅游指南上都有介绍。
这是非限制性定语从句，由关系词 "which" 引导，补充说明先行词 "the Trevi Fountain"。逗号表明该信息是附加说明而非限定喷泉的必要信息；"which" 在从句中作主语。
英语四级真题中 which 引导的从句共标注出 370 处实例，覆盖 2 类从句：which 引导的限制性定语从句 99 处、which 引导的非限制性定语从句 271 处。本页从中精选 48 句真题例句，出自 32 套真题卷，句长 11–60 词（平均 29 词），CEFR 等级构成为 C1 38 句、B2 6 句、B1 3 句、C2 1 句。每句以高亮标出从句在原句中的位置，标注它在句中的功能与嵌套层级，附中文翻译、逐句解析、出处试卷与卷面位置，并可进入单句详情页查看结构树逐层拆解。
关于 which 引导的从句在英语四级真题中的类型分布与判断方法，最常被问到的问题。
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