2016年英语四级真题长难句

We validated these expectations in a study in which two other psychologists and I monitored 373 students for two years during the transition to junior high school, when the work gets more difficult and the grading more strict, to determine how their mind-sets might affect their math grades.

我们在一项研究中验证了这些预期，在该研究中，我和另外两名心理学家在向初中过渡期间的两年里，监测了373名学生，当时学业变得更难，评分更严格，以确定他们的心态可能如何影响他们的数学成绩。

Since industrialization, maintaining such a slow cultural metabolism has been much harder, with the long midday meal shrinking to whatever could be stuffed into a lunch bucket or bought at a food stand.

自工业化以来，维持如此缓慢的文化新陈代谢变得困难得多，长时间的午餐缩减为能塞进午餐桶或在食品摊买到的任何东西。

A person who had input into where he would move and has had time to adapt to it might do as well in a nursing home as in a small residential care home, other factors being equal.

一个对自己将搬往何处有过意见输入，并且有时间去适应它的人，在其他因素相同的情况下，在养老院可能会和在小型 residential care home 一样过得好。

That's especially worrying, she says, given that anorexia(厌食症) results in more deaths than does any other mental illness, according to the National Institute of Mental Health.

她说，这尤其令人担忧，因为根据美国国家心理健康研究所的数据，厌食症导致的死亡人数比其他任何精神疾病都要多。

"These patterns suggest that some types of mental flexibility decrease relatively early in adulthood, but that the amount of knowledge one has, and the effectiveness of integrating it with one's abilities, may increase throughout all of adulthood if there are no diseases," Salthouse said in a news release.

"这些模式表明，某些类型的思维灵活性在成年早期相对较早地下降，但一个人拥有的知识量以及将其与自身能力整合的有效性，如果没有疾病的话，可能会在整个成年期都有所增加，" Salthouse在一份新闻稿中说。

"Sugar, alcohol and tobacco," economist Adam Smith once wrote, "are commodities which are nowhere necessaries of life, which have become objects of almost universal consumption, and which are, therefore, extremely popular subjects of taxation."

“糖、酒精和烟草，”经济学家亚当·斯密曾写道，“是那些在任何地方都不是生活必需品、已成为几乎普遍消费品、因此也是极其受欢迎的征税对象的商品。”

Waiters, keen observers of humanity that they are, are catching on to this; in one poll, a full 30% said they didn't believe the job they did had any impact on the tips they received.

服务员，作为敏锐的人性观察者，正在意识到这一点；在一项调查中，足足有30%的人表示他们不相信自己所做的工作对他们收到的小费有任何影响。

Even more interesting is that the promise of a future reward was enough to make adults choose the smaller portion.

更有趣的是，未来奖励的承诺足以让成年人选择更小的部分。

No matter how the math works out, you persistently view restaurants with voluntary tipping systems as being a better value, which makes it extremely difficult for restaurants and bars to do away with the tipping system.

无论计算结果如何，你始终认为采用自愿小费制度的餐厅更划算，这使得餐馆和酒吧极难废除小费制度。

Increasingly, companies are tapping into these desires directly through what has come to be known as "gamification": essentially, turning work into a game.

越来越多地，公司正在通过所谓的“游戏化”直接利用这些欲望：本质上，是将工作变成游戏。

This help is critically important because the high cost of caring for animal victims is a major factor that prevents people from getting involved in cruelty cases in the first place.

这种帮助至关重要，因为照顾动物受害者的高昂成本是一个主要因素，这个因素从一开始就阻止人们介入虐待案件。

And in my position as a professor at three different colleges, the actual problems in educating our young people and older students have deepened, while the number of people hired—not to teach but to hold meetings—has increased significantly.

并且，以我在三所不同学院担任教授的身份，教育我们年轻人和年长学生方面的实际问题已经加深，而被雇佣的人员数量——不是去教学而是去开会——已经显著增加。

For workers, especially low-paid workers, who desperately need their jobs yet know they can be easily replaced, gamification may feel more like the Hunger Games.

对于工人们，尤其是低收入工人，他们迫切需要自己的工作但知道自己很容易被替代，游戏化可能感觉更像《饥饿游戏》。

By contrast, a Danish tax on foods high in fats was abandoned a year after its introduction, amid claims that consumers were avoiding it by crossing the border to Germany to satisfy their desire for cheaper, fattier fare.

相比之下，丹麦一项针对高脂肪食品的税收在实施一年后被废除，有说法称消费者通过跨境前往德国来避开这项税收，以满足他们对更便宜、脂肪含量更高的食物的渴望。

Finally, she addresses self-respect and the notion that a person's sense of beauty must include more than how much a person weighs.

最后，她论述自尊以及一个人的美感观念必须包含的不仅仅是一个人体重多少的观点。

What people were like when they came in had greater consequence than what happened once they were there.

人们进来时的样子，比他们一旦身处那里发生的事情，具有更大的影响。

In contrast, the recent surge in world grain prices is trend-driven, making it unlikely to reverse without a reversal in the trends themselves.

相比之下，近期世界粮食价格的上涨是由趋势驱动的，如果没有趋势本身的逆转，就不太可能逆转。

About 35 percent of the heat taken in by the oceans during the industrial era now resides at a depth of more than 700 meters, the researchers found.

研究人员发现，工业时代海洋吸收的热量中约35%现在位于700多米的深度。

Even if they could, SimpliSafe claims that its system is always evolving, and that it varies slightly from system to system, which means there wouldn't be a universal magic formula for cracking it.

即使他们能够做到，SimpliSafe声称其系统一直在进化，并且系统之间略有不同，这意味着不存在破解它的通用神奇公式。

For instance, talking about mathematical geniuses who were more or less born that way puts students in a fixed mind-set, but descriptions of great mathematicians who fell in love with math and developed amazing skills produce a growth mind-set.

例如，谈论那些或多或少天生如此的数学天才会使学生形成固定型思维模式，但描述那些热爱数学并发展出惊人技能的伟大数学家会产生成长型思维模式。

SimpliSafe was singled out in one recent article on jamming, complete with a video showing the entire system being effectively bypassed with hand-held jamming equipment.

SimpliSafe在最近一篇关于信号干扰的文章中被单独指出，配有一段显示整个系统被手持干扰设备有效绕过的视频。

He theorizes that it is the emotional component of these intangible prizes that makes them effective.

他提出理论认为，正是这些无形奖励的情感成分使它们具有效果。

Why do some students give up when they encounter difficulty, whereas others who are no more skilled continue to strive and learn?

为什么有些学生在遇到困难时会放弃，而其他并不更熟练的学生却继续努力学习？

On the other hand, indicators of a person's accumulated knowledge—like performance on tests of vocabulary and general knowledge—kept improving with age, according to findings published in the journal Neurobiology of Aging.

另一方面，一个人积累的知识指标——如词汇和一般知识测试的表现——随着年龄的增长而不断提高，根据发表在《衰老神经生物学》杂志上的研究结果。

And that the characteristics adult children look for when they begin the search are not necessarily the things that make a difference to the people who are going to move in.

并且成年子女在开始寻找时所寻求的特点不一定是那些对将要搬进来的人产生影响的东西。

I do not think that we spend nearly enough time trying to concentrate on achieving a sort of calmness, a sort of contentment in a mental and spiritual way, which was identified by these people as the highest form of happiness and pleasure.

我不认为我们花费了足够多的时间去努力专注于以一种精神和心灵的方式获得一种平静、一种满足感，这被这些人认定为幸福和快乐的最高形式。

In a multi-state study of assisted living, for instance, University of North Carolina researchers found that a host of variables—the facility's type, size or age; whether a chain owned it; how attractive the neighborhood was—had no significant relationship to how the residents fared in terms of illness, mental decline, hospitalizations or mortality.

例如，在一项关于辅助生活的多州研究中，北卡罗来纳大学的研究人员发现，许多变量——设施的类型、规模或年龄；是否为连锁所有；社区的吸引力如何——与居民在疾病、智力衰退、住院治疗或死亡率方面的表现没有显著关系。

This comfortable cycle, in which the rhythms of the day helped shape the rhythms of the meals, gave rise to the custom of the large midday meal, eaten with the extended family.

这种舒适的循环，在其中一天的节奏帮助塑造了膳食的节奏，产生了与大家庭一起吃的大型午餐的习俗。

You have to get across what it is about a particular area that has inspired you.

你必须讲清楚是关于某个特定领域的什么东西启发了你。

An elderly person who describes herself as in poor health, therefore, might be no less depressed in assisted living (even if her children preferred it) than in a nursing home.

一位自称健康状况不佳的老年人，因此，在辅助生活机构中（即使她的子女更喜欢那里）可能不会比在养老院中更不抑郁。

But an accumulating body of research indicates that some distinctions between one type of elder care and another have little real bearing on how well residents do.

但是越来越多的研究表明，一种老年护理与另一种老年护理之间的某些区别对居民的生活状况几乎没有实际影响。

In a review of 14 studies that looked at physical activity and academic performance, investigators found that the more children moved, the better their grades were in school, particularly in the basic subjects of math, English and reading.

在一项对14项研究的综述中，这些研究考察了身体活动和学业表现，研究者发现儿童活动量越大，他们在学校的成绩就越好，尤其是在数学、英语和阅读这些基础学科中。

The trend began in 2007, when leading wheat-exporting countries such as Russia and Argentina limited or banned their exports, in hopes of increasing local food supplies and thereby bringing down domestic food prices.

这一趋势始于2007年，当时像俄罗斯和阿根廷这样的主要小麦出口国限制或禁止了他们的出口，希望增加当地粮食供应，从而降低国内粮食价格。

The three environmental trends-the shortage of fresh water, the loss of topsoil and the rising temperatures-are making it increasingly hard to expand the world's grain supply fast enough to keep up with demand.

这三种环境趋势——淡水短缺、表土流失和气温上升——正使快速扩大世界粮食供应以跟上需求变得越来越困难。

Today, when time zones have less and less meaning, there is little tolerance for offices' closing for lunch, and worsening traffic in cities means workers can't make it home and back fast enough anyway.

如今，当时区的意义越来越小时，人们对办公室午餐时间关闭的容忍度很低，并且城市交通恶化意味着员工无论如何都无法足够快地往返家中。

Whether you can successfully change your personality as an adult is the subject of a longstanding psychological debate.

作为成年人你能否成功改变你的性格是一个长期存在的心理学辩论的主题。

As I was considering all this, a press release from a respected research firm crossed my desk, announcing that the five-star rating system that Medicare developed in 2008 to help families compare nursing home quality also has little relationship to how satisfied its residents or their family members are.

当我正在考虑这一切时，一份来自一家受尊敬的研究公司的新闻稿出现在我的办公桌上，宣布医疗保险在2008年开发的用于帮助家庭比较养老院质量的五星评级系统，与它的居民或其家庭成员的满意度也几乎没有关系。

If you have a sign in your yard declaring what setup you use, that'd point them in the right direction, though at that point, we're talking about a highly targeted, semi-sophisticated attack, and not the sort of forced-entry attack that makes up the majority of burglaries.

如果你在院子里有一个标识，标明你使用的是什么设置，那会给他们指明正确的方向，不过在那种情况下，我们谈论的是一种高度针对性的、半复杂的攻击，而不是构成大多数入室盗窃的那种强行闯入式攻击。

"Hesiod offers an idea—which you very often find in some of the world's great religions, in the Judeo-Christian tradition and in Islam and others—that in some sense, when you hurt another human being, you hurt yourself. That damaging other people in your community and in your life, trashing relationships, results in a kind of self-inflicted(自己招致的) spiritual wound."

赫西俄德提出了一个观点——这个观点你在世界上一些伟大的宗教中，在犹太-基督教传统中以及在伊斯兰教和其他宗教中非常常见——即从某种意义上说，当你伤害另一个人的时候，你也在伤害自己。在你的社区和生活中伤害他人，破坏人际关系，会导致一种自己招致的精神创伤。

I think what Aesop was suggesting is that when you offer a good turn to another human being, one can hope that that good deed will come back and sort of pay a profit to you, the doer of the good deed.

我认为伊索所要暗示的是，当你对另一个人做了一件好事时，人们可以希望这个善行会回来，并对你，这个善行的实施者，带来某种回报。

It is an interaction between the person and the place, not the sort of place in itself, that leads to better or worse experiences.

正是人与地方之间的互动，而非那种地方本身，导致了更好或更差的体验。

And a number of oil-producing countries are trimming their gasoline subsidies and raising taxes, so the net savings for global consumers is not as big as the oil price plunge might suggest.

并且一些石油生产国正在削减他们的汽油补贴并提高税收，所以全球消费者的净储蓄并不像石油价格暴跌可能表明的那样大。

I am about to make things more complicated by suggesting that what kind of facility an older person lives in may matter less than we have assumed.

我即将通过提出老年人居住在什么样的设施中可能比我们假设的更不重要这一观点，使事情变得更加复杂。

I think that things have become very gloomy these days, lots of misunderstanding, misleading cues, a lot of what the ancients would have called sophistry(诡辩).

我认为如今情况变得非常阴郁，有很多误解、误导性的线索，以及很多古人会称之为诡辩的东西。

The mastery-oriented children, on the other hand, think intelligence is not fixed and can be developed through education and hard work.

另一方面，掌握导向型的儿童认为智力不是固定的，并且可以通过教育和努力工作来发展。

This danger can be avoided, according to computer science professor Stuart Russell, if we figure out how to turn human values into a programmable code.

计算机科学教授斯图尔特·罗素认为，如果我们能弄清楚如何将人类价值观转化为可编程代码，这种危险是可以避免的。

But mostly, I hate tipping because I believe I would be in a better place if pay decisions regarding employees were simply left up to their employers, as is the custom in virtually every other industry.

但主要是，我讨厌给小费，因为我认为如果关于员工的薪酬决定完全由他们的雇主来做，就像几乎所有其他行业的惯例一样，我会处于一个更好的位置。

The teachers must be free to teach in their own way—the curriculum should be flexible enough so that they can use their individual talents to achieve the goals of the course.

教师们必须有自由以他们自己的方式教学——课程应该足够灵活，以便他们能够运用自己的个人才能来实现课程的目标。

A good system is one that keeps that worst-case setting as improbable as possible while also offering strong protection in the event of a less extraordinary attack.

一个好的系统是这样一个系统：它使那种最坏情况的设定尽可能不可能发生，同时在发生不太极端的攻击时也能提供强有力的保护。

For comparison, let's say you wanted to "jam" a conversation between two people—all you'd need to do is yell in the listener's ear.

为了进行比较，假设你想要“干扰”两个人之间的对话——你所需要做的就是对着听者的耳朵大喊。