2021年英语四级真题长难句

After coding and analyzing the ideas they generated, the team found that people with a growth mindset of interest were more likely to bridge programs across the arts and sciences to create new majors like computational economics rather than creating majors that drew from only one of those areas, like computational chemistry.

在对他们所产生的想法进行编码和分析之后，该团队发现，具有兴趣成长型思维模式的人更有可能跨艺术和科学领域连接各项目，以创建诸如计算经济学之类的新专业，而非创建仅源自其中一个领域的专业，例如计算化学。

To treat the disorder, there are a number of medicines and therapies that are backed by rigorous research, according to the American Academy of Sleep Medicine, which analyzed the available research on the treatment of nightmare disorder in a recent review published in the Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine.

为了治疗这种障碍，有许多药物和疗法得到了严格研究的支持，根据美国睡眠医学学会的说法，该学会在《临床睡眠医学杂志》上发表的一篇近期综述中分析了关于噩梦障碍治疗的现有研究。

Obesity, in which excess body fat has accumulated to such an extent that health may be adversely affected, meets the dictionary definition of disease, argues Professor John Wilding.

约翰·怀尔丁教授认为，肥胖症（其中多余的身体脂肪积累到可能对健康产生不利影响的程度）符合疾病的字典定义。

Last year, The New York Times revealed how Coca-Cola was funding well-known scientists and organizations promoting a message that, in the battle against weight gain, people should pay more attention to exercise and less to what they eat and drink.

去年，《纽约时报》披露了可口可乐公司是如何资助知名科学家和组织来宣传这样一个信息的：在对抗体重增加的斗争中，人们应该更多地关注锻炼，而更少地关注他们吃什么和喝什么。

Even though Wang tried to account for this by culling the weakest winners, it's impossible to know which of the winners would have quit had they found themselves on the losing side.

尽管王试图通过剔除最弱的获胜者来解释这一点，但不可能知道如果获胜者发现自己处于失败的一方，他们中哪些人会退出。

So far, our studies have yielded one main insight: Students' beliefs about change—their beliefs about whether people are stuck one way forever, or whether people can change their personalities and abilities—are related to their ability to cope, succeed academically and maintain good mental health.

到目前为止，我们的研究已经得出一个主要见解：学生关于变化的信念——他们关于人们是否永远固定不变，或者人们是否可以改变他们的性格和能力的信念——与他们应对、学业成功和保持良好心理健康的能力有关。

Working at home or in cafes, starting businesses of their own, and even launching business ventures that eventually may fail, all indicate "initiative," "creativity," and "adaptability," which are desirable qualities in today's workplace.

在家或咖啡馆工作、自主创业，甚至创办最终可能失败的商业企业，所有这些都表明“主动性”、“创造力”和“适应性”，这些都是当今职场中理想的品质。

Human numerical instincts are not so superior to those of other mammals as is generally believed.

人类的数字本能并不像人们普遍认为的那样比其他哺乳动物的数字本能优越。

Students who believed that intelligence is fixed—that you are stuck being "not smart" if you struggle in school—showed higher levels of stress hormones when their grades were declining at the beginning of the ninth grade.

那些认为智力是固定的——如果你在学校学习困难，你就会被贴上“不聪明”的标签——的学生，在九年级刚开始成绩下降时，表现出更高水平的压力荷尔蒙。

Research is limited, but some studies suggest that people who can master lucid dreaming—that is, the ability to be aware that a nightmare is happening and possibly even control it without waking up—may hold the answer.

研究是有限的，但一些研究表明，能够掌握清醒梦的人——即能够意识到噩梦正在发生，甚至可能在不醒来的情况下控制它的能力——可能持有答案。

He believes that the dictionary definition of disease "is so vague that we can classify almost anything as a disease" and says the question is not whether we can, but whether we should, and to what end.

他认为，字典中对疾病的定义“如此模糊，以至于我们几乎可以将任何事物归类为疾病”，并且他说问题不在于我们是否能够这样做，而在于我们是否应该这样做，以及这样做的目的是什么。

As Professor O'Keefe pointed out, "This research provides a useful direction for organizations whose products and services call for integrated and creative solutions. Take smartphones for example. You need not only computer science and engineering knowledge, but also an understanding of psychology and visual design to create a better product. Employees with a growth mindset may be more likely to devise innovative ideas that bridge multiple areas of knowledge to achieve better solutions."

正如O'Keefe教授所指出的，“这项研究为那些其产品和服务需要综合和创造性解决方案的组织提供了一个有用的方向。以智能手机为例。你不仅需要计算机科学和工程知识，还需要对心理学和视觉设计的理解，以创造更好的产品。具有成长型思维的员工可能更有可能设计出跨越多个知识领域的创新想法，以实现更好的解决方案。”

It is feared that a failure to address early-year challenges, such as poor handwriting, leads to much more serious problems down the line—with these pupils facing reduced career prospects.

人们担心，未能解决早期挑战，如书写不佳，会在后续导致更严重的问题——这些学生面临着减少的职业前景。

What's more, making obesity a disease "may not benefit patients, but it will benefit healthcare providers and the pharmaceutical(制药的) industry when health insurance and clinical guidelines promote treatment with drugs and surgery," he warns.

此外，他警告说，将肥胖列为一种疾病“可能不会使患者受益，但当医疗保险和临床指南推广药物和手术治疗时，这将使医疗服务提供者和制药行业受益。”

Curiosity covers such a large set of behaviors that there probably isn't any single "curiosity gene" that makes humans wonder about and explore their environment.

好奇心涵盖如此大量的行为，以至于可能不存在任何单一的“好奇心基因”，这种基因使人类对其环境产生好奇并进行探索。

After all, by continuing to pile riches on the narrow winners, the taxpayers are not getting the maximum bang for their buck if the close losers are performing just as well or even better.

毕竟，通过继续将财富堆积在险胜者身上，如果惜败者表现同样好甚至更好，纳税人的钱并没有得到最大的价值回报。

Students who got the growth mindset intervention(干预) showed less-contracted blood vessels and their hearts pumped more blood—both of which contributed to more oxygen getting to the brain, and, ultimately, better performance on the speech and mental math tasks.

接受了成长型思维干预的学生表现出较少收缩的血管，且他们的心脏泵出更多血液——这两者都有助于更多氧气进入大脑，最终在演讲和心算任务中表现更好。

His own work showed that although the narrow winners did get much more money in the near future, the actual performance of the close losers was just as good.

他自己的研究表明，尽管险胜者在不久的将来确实获得了多得多的钱，但惜败者的实际表现同样出色。

What might surprise consumers is just how many present-day nutrition studies are still funded by the food industry.

可能让消费者感到惊讶的是，现在有多少营养学研究仍然由食品行业资助。

Stress is so normalized that it is easy for women to shrug off those symptoms as simply the consequences of stress.

压力是如此正常化，以至于女性很容易将这些症状仅仅视为压力的后果而不予理会。

In contrast, in certain Arabian, African, and Asian countries, men can publicly hold hands or show physical affection as signs of brotherhood or friendship while these behaviors may suggest a romantic relationship in other parts of the world.

相比之下，在某些阿拉伯、非洲和亚洲国家，男性可以公开地牵手或表现出身体上的亲密，以此作为兄弟情谊或友谊的标志，而这些行为在世界其他地区可能暗示着浪漫关系。

Rough calculations show that the savings made by employers when their staff works from home are of similar value to the compensation workers should receive for setting up offices at home.

粗略计算表明，当员工居家办公时雇主所节省的成本，其价值与员工因在家设立办公室而应获得的补偿价值相似。

The researchers said moderate exercise appears to have helped those participants to be less vulnerable to the impact of the sad movie.

研究人员表示，适度锻炼似乎有助于那些参与者更少受到悲伤电影影响的伤害。

During the secondary school years, extending what is learned at school is positively related to academic achievement, so the content of homework becomes more important.

在中学期间，扩展在学校所学的内容与学业成就呈正相关，因此家庭作业的内容变得更加重要。

Unless employees are fully compensated, this could become a variant of parasitic(寄生的) capitalism, whereby corporate profits increasingly rely on extracting value from the public—and now personal—realm, rather than on generating new value.

除非员工得到充分补偿，否则这可能会成为寄生资本主义的一种变体，其中企业利润越来越依赖于从公共——现在还有个人——领域提取价值，而不是通过创造新价值。

While it may sound safe to avoid all physical contact so as not to offend anyone, the lack of touching might imply cold attitudes or indifference in interpersonal relationships.

虽然避免所有身体接触以免冒犯任何人听起来可能是安全的，但缺乏接触可能意味着人际关系中的冷淡态度或漠不关心。

The hesitation I felt in not sharing the ordinary things that were happening in my life, and the wild mental search for something more interesting, may have backfired and made me seem less interesting.

我对不分享我生活中发生的平常事所感到的犹豫，以及对更有趣事物的疯狂心理搜寻，可能产生了反效果，让我看起来不那么有趣。

They want the department of education to record which children are left-handed and what their educational attainments are, since they make up some 10% of the population.

他们希望教育部记录哪些儿童是左撇子以及他们的教育成就是什么，因为他们约占人口的10%。

It's what motivates non-human animals, human infants and probably human adults to explore and seek out new things before growing less interested in them after continued exposure.

它是促使非人类动物、人类婴儿以及可能的人类成年人去探索和寻找新事物，然后在持续接触后对它们产生较少兴趣的原因。

Professor Wilding disagrees that labelling a high proportion of the population as having a disease removes personal responsibility or may overwhelm health services, pointing out that other common diseases, such as high blood pressure and diabetes, require people to take action to manage their condition.

怀尔丁教授不同意将大部分人口标记为患有某种疾病会消除个人责任或可能使医疗服务不堪重负的观点，指出其他常见疾病，如高血压和糖尿病，需要人们采取行动来管理自己的病情。

This would be a form of expropriation(侵占), with employees absorbing production costs that have traditionally been paid by the employer.

这将是一种侵占的形式，员工承担传统上由雇主支付的生产成本。

Taking whatever materials are handy and tinkering with them is a simple way to engage those important "maker" skills.

拿取任何手边的材料并摆弄它们是一种简单的方式来运用那些重要的“制造者”技能。

If students believed that intelligence could improve—that is to say, when they held more of a growth mindset of intelligence—they showed lower levels of stress hormones when their grades were declining.

如果学生们相信智力是可以提高的——也就是说，当他们持有更多的智力成长型思维模式时——他们在成绩下降时表现出较低水平的压力荷尔蒙。

Companies are so desperate for a hit of stars that if you delete the survey the company sends you another one.

公司们是如此渴望明星的一次成功，以至于如果你删除调查，公司会再给你发送一份。

He recalled a recent paper he submitted to a journal, which accepted it only to request extensive editing, and then reversed course and rejected it.

他回忆起自己最近向一家期刊提交的一篇论文，该期刊接受了这篇论文，却又要求进行大量编辑，然后改变决定，拒绝了这篇论文。

Police said that the car had come to a halt after hitting the sign, but did not appear to be seriously damaged, although an ambulance was called to check on the pensioner.

警方称，那辆汽车在撞到指示牌后停了下来，但似乎没有严重损坏，不过已呼叫救护车对那位老人进行检查。

Instead, declining grades only predicted worse stress hormones among students who believed that worsening grades were a permanent and hopeless state of affairs.

相反，成绩下降只预测了那些认为成绩恶化是一种永久且无望的状况的学生中更严重的压力荷尔蒙。

That describes the reaction of many Americans this week following revelations that, 50 years ago, the sugar industry paid Harvard scientists for research that shifted the focus away from sugar's role in heart disease—and put the spotlight(注意的中心) squarely on dietary fat.

这描述了本周许多美国人的反应，在揭露了50年前糖业公司付费给哈佛科学家进行研究，该研究将焦点从糖在心脏病中的作用转移，并将注意的中心完全放在膳食脂肪上之后。

In this study, instead of teaching students that their smartness can change, we taught them that their social standing—that is, whether they are bullied or excluded or left out—can change over time.

在这项研究中，我们没有教学生他们的聪明才智是可以改变的，而是教他们，他们的社会地位——也就是说，他们是否被欺负、被排斥或被冷落——是可以随着时间改变的。

In a study published in Nature Communications, Northwestern University sociologist Dashun Wang tracked more than 1,100 scientists who were on the border between getting a grant and missing out between 1990 and 2005.

在《自然·通讯》发表的一项研究中，西北大学社会学家王大顺追踪了1990年至2005年间处于获得资助和错失资助边缘的1100多名科学家。

If we are to truly understand how much our cognitive lives differ cross-culturally, we must continually explore the depths of our species' linguistic diversity.

如果我们要真正理解我们的认知生活在跨文化上有多大差异，我们必须持续探索我们物种语言多样性的深度。

For instance, studies funded by Welch Foods—the brand behind Welch's 100% Grape Juice—found that drinking Concord grape juice daily may boost brain function.

例如，由韦尔奇食品公司（韦尔奇100%葡萄汁背后的品牌）资助的研究发现，每天饮用康科德葡萄汁可能会增强大脑功能。

When these students gave the speech, their blood vessels contracted and their hearts pumped less blood through the body—both responses that the body shows when it is preparing for damage or defeat after a physical threat.

当这些学生发表演讲时，他们的血管收缩，心脏向全身泵出的血液减少——这两种反应都是身体在面临生理威胁后准备应对损伤或失败时所表现出的。

In the new global economy, students who fail to finish the ninth grade with passing grades in college preparatory coursework are very unlikely to graduate on time and go on to get jobs.

在新的全球经济中，未能在大学预备课程中以及格成绩完成九年级学业的学生，非常不可能按时毕业并继续找工作。

But if there's one thing that triggers widespread employee frustration, it's an IT transformation project gone wrong, where swollen expectations have been popped and a long list of promised efficiencies has been reversed.

但是如果有一件事会引发员工普遍的不满，那就是失败的信息技术转型项目，在这类项目中，过高的期望已被打破，一长串承诺的效率已被逆转。

People automatically assume children are anxious about math because they are poor achievers.

人们自动地认为孩子们对数学感到焦虑是因为他们是成绩差的学习者。

These factors could definitely affect the degree to which someone is comfortable with tactile(触觉的) communication and physical intimacy.

这些因素肯定会影响一个人对触觉交流和身体亲密行为感到舒适的程度。

What do experts propose companies do about workers' wellbeing?

专家提议公司针对员工福利做什么？

With obesity now affecting 29% of the population in England, and expected to rise to 35% by 2030, should we now recognise it as a disease?

随着肥胖症目前影响着英格兰29%的人口，并预计到2030年将上升到35%，我们现在是否应该将其认定为一种疾病？

What do the campaigners demand the department of education do?

活动家们要求教育部做什么？