2018年英语四级真题长难句

The alternative, he suggested, was to face the prospect of becoming another Palo Alto, California, where outsize stress on teenage students is believed to have contributed to a number of suicides in the last six years.

他提出，另一种选择是面对成为另一个加利福尼亚州帕洛阿尔托市的可能性，在过去六年里，人们认为那里对青少年学生过大的压力导致了多起自杀事件。

Not only did it inconvenience my teaching but also my life as a whole.

它不仅给我的教学带来不便，而且也给我的整个生活带来不便。

Decades of working over coal fires in tight, closed spaces with little fresh air (to ensure his dishes would not get cold) had fatally damaged his lungs.

数十年来在狭小、封闭且几乎没有新鲜空气的空间里在煤火上工作（以确保他的菜肴不会变凉）已经致命地损坏了他的肺部。

It is profitable to drill to depths more than 1,000 feet for oil and gas extraction, but only recently in California has it become profitable to pump water from this depth.

钻探到超过1000英尺的深度进行石油和天然气开采是有利可图的，但直到最近在加利福尼亚州，从这个深度抽水才变得有利可图。

With a growing body of evidence establishing a link between urban green spaces and a positive impact on human well-being, Dr. White said, "There's growing interest among public policy officials, but the trouble is who funds it. What we really need at a policy level is to decide where the money will come from to help support good quality local green spaces."

随着越来越多的证据确立城市绿地与对人类福祉的积极影响之间的联系，怀特博士说：“公共政策官员的兴趣日益浓厚，但问题是谁来资助它。在政策层面，我们真正需要的是决定从哪里获得资金来帮助支持高质量的当地绿地。”

On the other side are parents like Mike Jia, one of the thousands of Asian-American professionals who have moved to the district in the past decade, who said Aderhold's reforms would amount to a "dumbing down" of his children's education.

另一边是像迈克·贾这样的家长，他是过去十年中搬到该地区的数千名亚裔美国专业人士之一，他说阿德霍尔德的改革将等同于对他孩子教育的“ dumbing down ”。

Above all, it's the emotions one experiences in teaching that facilitate learning.

最重要的是，正是一个人在教学中所体验到的情感促进了学习。

The letter was written by Darwin to thank an American geologist, Dr. Ferdinand Vandeveer Hayden, for sending him copies of his research into the geology of the region that would become Yellowstone National Park.

这封信是达尔文写的，目的是感谢美国地质学家Ferdinand Vandeveer Hayden博士，因为他寄给他关于该地区地质学的研究副本，该地区后来成为黄石国家公园。

It's harder to pin down the origins of the oft-quoted five-second rule, but a 2003 study reported that 70% of women and 56% of men surveyed were familiar with the five-second rule and that women were more likely than men to eat food that had dropped on the floor.

确定常被引用的五秒规则的起源更难，但2003年的一项研究报告称，70%的受访女性和56%的受访男性熟悉五秒规则，且女性比男性更有可能吃掉在地上的食物。

The companies developing self-driving vehicles should be partnering with state and federal authorities to offer retraining for this massive workforce, many of whom will be displaced by the new technology.

开发自动驾驶车辆的公司应该与州和联邦当局合作，为这一庞大的劳动力提供再培训，其中许多人将被新技术取代。

We found that the number of bacteria transferred to either kind of food didn't depend much on how long the food was in contact with the contaminated surface—whether for a few seconds or for a whole minute.

我们发现，转移到任何一种食物上的细菌数量并不太取决于食物与受污染表面接触的时间长短——无论是几秒钟还是整整一分钟。

Around 9 in 10 people in low- and middle-income countries live in places where they regularly experience dangerous levels of outdoor air pollution.

在低收入和中等收入国家中，大约每10人中有9人生活在他们经常经历危险水平的室外空气污染的地方。

"One of the risk factors for premature deaths is the air we breathe, over which individuals have little control," he said.

"过早死亡的风险因素之一是我们呼吸的空气，对此个人几乎无法控制，"他说。

Studies have explored evidence that dietary changes can slow inflammation(炎症), for example, or make the body inhospitable to cancer cells.

研究已经探索了饮食变化可以减缓炎症(炎症)、例如或使身体不适于癌细胞生存的证据。

"I think it will be very interesting to see what etiquette(礼仪) emerges in terms of whether you tell people you have a camera or not, and whether guests have a right to ask that it be turned off, if it's not a security issue."

"我认为，看看在是否告诉人们你有摄像头、以及如果不是安全问题的话，客人是否有权要求将其关闭方面，会出现什么样的礼仪，这将是非常有趣的。"

Presenting a water bowl to a Savannah may also prove a challenge, as some will promptly begin to bat all the water out of the bowl until it is empty, using their front paws.

给萨凡纳猫递水碗也可能是一项挑战，因为有些萨凡纳猫会立即开始用它们的前爪把碗里的水全部拍打出来，直到碗空为止。

Nonetheless, physicians say that they look at the collective data and a clear picture emerges: that the salt, sugar, fat and processed foods in the American diet contribute to the nation's high rates of obesity, diabetes and heart disease.

尽管如此，医生们表示，他们查看了这些汇总数据，一幅清晰的图景浮现出来：即美国饮食中的盐、糖、脂肪和加工食品导致了该国肥胖、糖尿病和心脏病的高发病率。

Mike Ellicock, chief executive of National Numeracy, said, "We want to challenge this 'I can't do maths' attitude that is prevalent in the UK," adding that it was vital that all primary school teachers understand key maths concepts, as young children who fail to learn the basics will suffer later on.

英国国家数学能力中心首席执行官Mike Ellicock说：“我们想要挑战这种在英国普遍存在的‘我不会数学’的态度。”他补充道，所有小学教师都理解关键的数学概念是至关重要的，因为未能学习基础知识的年幼孩子日后将会遭殃。

But on the subject of obesity, she pointed out that consumers' lifestyles have changed significantly, with many people being more sedentary(久坐不动的) not least because more time is spent in front of computers.

但是关于肥胖这个话题，她指出消费者的生活方式已经发生了显著变化，其中许多人变得更加久坐不动，尤其是因为更多时间被花费在电脑前。

While the "five-second rule" might not seem like the most pressing issue for food scientists to get to the bottom of, it's still worth investigating food myths like this one because they shape our beliefs about when food is safe to eat.

虽然“五秒规则”对于食品科学家来说可能不是最亟待解决的问题，但仍然值得研究像这样的食品传言，因为它们影响着我们对于何时食用食品是安全的认知。

Should the cars be programmed to avoid hitting a child running across the road, even if that will put their passengers at risk?

汽车是否应该被编程以避免撞到跑过马路的儿童，即使那样会将其乘客置于危险之中？

Whether food is contaminated depends much on the number of bacteria that get onto it.

食物是否被污染在很大程度上取决于沾染到它上面的细菌数量。

"When we talk about the access code we see it as the new face of the textbook monopoly(垄断), a new way to lock students around this system," said Ethan Senack, the higher education advocate for the U.S. Public Interest Research Group, to BuzzFeed News.

“当我们谈论访问码时，我们将其视为教材垄断的新面孔，一种将学生锁定在这个系统中的新方式，”美国公共利益研究小组的高等教育倡导者Ethan Senack对BuzzFeed新闻表示。

David Hunt, an associate professor in sociology at Augusta University, which has rolled out digital textbooks across its math and psychology departments, told BuzzFeed News that he understands the utility of using systems that require access codes.

奥古斯塔大学社会学副教授大卫·亨特（David Hunt）表示，该校已在数学和心理学系推出数字教科书，他理解使用需要访问代码的系统的实用性，并告知了BuzzFeed新闻。

In the second experiment meant to pit the mice's hunger against their fear, hungry mice were placed in a cage that had certain "fox-scented" areas and other places that smelled safer (in other words, not like an animal that could eat them) but also had food.

在旨在让老鼠的饥饿与恐惧对抗的第二个实验中，饥饿的老鼠被放置在一个笼子里，这个笼子有某些“狐狸气味”的区域和其他闻起来更安全的地方（换句话说，不像能吃掉它们的动物）但也有食物。

To do this, the team used data from the British Household Panel Survey compiled by the University of Essex.

为了做到这一点，该团队使用了埃塞克斯大学编制的英国家庭面板调查的数据。

But adding Venice to the UNESCO endangered list—which is dominated by sites in developing and conflict-ridden countries—would be an international embarrassment, and could even hurt Italy's profitable tourism industry.

但是，将威尼斯列入联合国教科文组织濒危名录（该名录主要由发展中国家和冲突不断的国家的遗址占据），将是一件国际丢脸的事，甚至可能损害意大利利润丰厚的旅游业。

But instead of bringing families together, Aderhold's letter revealed a divide in the district, which has 9,700 students, and one that broke down roughly along racial lines.

但是并没有使家庭团结起来，阿德霍尔德的信揭示了该学区的一种分歧，该学区有9700名学生，以及一种大致按照种族界限划分的分歧。

As Millennial women come of age they share many of the same views and values about work as their male counterparts.

随着千禧一代女性成年，她们与男性同龄人在工作方面有着许多相同的观点和价值观。

On one side are white parents like Catherine Foley, a former president of the Parent-Teacher-Student Association at her daughter's middle school, who has come to see the district's increasingly pressured atmosphere as opposed to learning.

一方面是像凯瑟琳·福利这样的白人家长，她是女儿所在中学的家长-教师-学生协会前主席，她开始认为该学区日益紧张的氛围与学习相悖。

Benjamin Wolverton, a 19-year-old student at the University of South Carolina, told BuzzFeed News that "it's ridiculous that after paying tens of thousands in tuition we have to pay for all these access codes to do our homework."

本杰明·沃尔弗顿，一名19岁的南卡罗来纳大学学生，告诉BuzzFeed新闻：“在支付了数万美元学费后，我们还必须为所有这些访问码付费才能做作业，这太荒谬了。”

Children were split into three groups, with one group asked to try the bowl of carrots repeatedly with no further encouragement.

儿童被分成三组，其中一组被要求反复尝试那碗胡萝卜，没有进一步的鼓励。

Nor is the state's bad air restricted to its south.

该州糟糕的空气也不仅限于其南部。

Dr. White said his team wanted to see whether living in greener urban areas had a lasting positive effect on people's sense of well-being or whether the effect also disappeared after a period of time.

怀特博士表示，他的团队想要了解生活在更绿色的城市区域是否会对人们的幸福感产生持久的积极影响，或者这种影响是否也会在一段时间后消失。

Accordingly, managing your job search properly is just as important as identifying job opportunities and submitting your applications.

因此，适当地管理你的求职与识别工作机会以及提交你的申请同样重要。

Explaining what the data revealed, he said: "What you see is that even after three years, mental health is still better, which is unlike many other things that we think will make us happy."

解释数据所揭示的内容时，他说：“你所看到的是，即使在三年后，心理健康仍然更好，这与我们认为会让我们快乐的许多其他事情不同。”

Indoor pollution, which includes sources like home heating and cooking, has remained constant over the past several decades despite advances in the area.

室内污染，包括家庭取暖和烹饪等来源，在过去几十年中保持不变，尽管该领域有所进步。

The effects of air pollution are worst in the developing world, where in some places lost-labor income equals nearly 1% of GDP.

空气污染的影响在发展中国家最为严重，在一些地方，劳动力损失收入几乎相当于国内生产总值的1%。

And it's not just dropping food on the floor that can lead to bacterial contamination.

而且不仅仅是把食物掉在地上会导致细菌污染。

The team at Stanford investigated the aquifers(地下蓄水层) below this depth and found that reserves may be triple what was previously thought.

斯坦福大学的团队调查了该深度以下的地下蓄水层，并发现储量可能是之前认为的三倍。

French Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte was known to be unimpressed by the declining taste of early 18th century cooking, but under pressure to entertain Paris's high society, he too called Carême to his kitchen at Tuileries Palace.

法国皇帝拿破仑·波拿巴以对18世纪早期烹饪水平下降的味道不感兴趣而闻名，但在招待巴黎上流社会的压力下，他也把卡雷姆叫到了杜伊勒里宫的厨房。

We wanted to know if the length of time food is in contact with a contaminated surface affected the rate of transfer of bacteria to the food.

我们想知道食物与受污染表面接触的时间长度是否会影响细菌向食物转移的速率。

California has been facing a drought for many years now, with certain areas even having to pump freshwater hundreds of miles to their distribution system.

加利福尼亚州多年来一直面临干旱，某些地区甚至不得不将淡水抽取数百英里输送到他们的分配系统。

Some strains of bacteria are so harmful that a tiny few can have deadly consequences.

一些细菌菌株是如此有害，以至于极少数（细菌菌株）可能会产生致命后果。

Being bad at maths should no longer be seen as a badge of honor or down to genetics, according to National Numeracy, a new organization which aims to challenge the nation's negative view of the subject.

根据旨在挑战全国对这一学科负面看法的新组织“国家数学能力”的说法，不擅长数学不应再被视为一种荣誉象征或归因于基因。

Moreover, some of the objects on the moon are still being used, including a laser-range reflector left by the Apollo 11 crew.

此外，月球上的一些物体仍在被使用，包括阿波罗11号机组人员留下的激光测距反射器。

Sarina Harper, a 19-year-old student at Virginia Tech, was faced with a tough dilemma when she first started college in 2015—pay rent or pay to turn in her chemistry homework.

萨琳娜·哈珀，弗吉尼亚理工大学一名19岁的学生，在2015年刚开始上大学时面临一个艰难的困境——支付房租还是支付提交化学作业的费用。

Green buildings like this aren't necessarily cost-efficient for the investor, but it does produce much less pollution than that caused by energy production through fossil fuels.

像这样的绿色建筑对投资者来说不一定具有成本效益，但它确实比通过化石燃料进行能源生产所造成的污染要少得多。

What you may not know is that the Titanic wasn't even the flagship of this class.

你可能不知道的是，泰坦尼克号甚至不是这个级别的旗舰。

They engage college undergraduates to teach computer science to high school students, who in turn instruct middle school students on the topic.

他们聘请大学本科生向高中生教授计算机科学，而高中生转而就此主题指导初中生。