2023年英语四级真题长难句

While this can be good news for the world's poorest people who now consume more calories, protein and fat than in the past, homogeneity(同一性) and over-dependence on a handful of staples leave us vulnerable to threats such as drought, disease and pests—all of which are predicted to worsen in many parts of the world as a result of climate change.

虽然这对世界上最贫穷的人们来说可能是好消息，他们现在比过去消耗更多的卡路里、蛋白质和脂肪，但同一性和对少数主食的过度依赖使我们容易受到干旱、疾病和害虫等威胁——所有这些都因气候变化而在世界许多地区预计会恶化。

However, the study also shows how traditional gender roles endure both at work, where more women than men reported changes in their perceived career potential, and at home—even among workers who claim to have a strong desire for equality.

然而，这项研究还表明，传统性别角色是如何既在工作中——在工作中，报告自己感知到的职业潜力发生变化的女性比男性更多——又在家中持续存在的，即使是在那些声称强烈渴望平等的员工中也是如此。

One way you can overcome the risk-inducing effects of rivalry that stand to endanger your venture's success is to remain attentive to your emotional state and actively monitor how such feelings are affecting your decision-making.

你可以克服竞争带来的诱发风险的影响——这种影响可能危及你的创业成功——的一种方法是保持对自己情绪状态的关注，并积极监控这些情绪如何影响你的决策。

But they could also indicate that they—or their agent—would strategically express anger toward the opponent to gain advantage, or they could opt to convey dissatisfaction with the encounter so that the other party would think they were losing interest.

但他们也可能表明，他们——或他们的代理人——会战略性地对对手表达愤怒以获取优势，或者他们可能选择表达对这次会面的不满，以便让对方认为他们正在失去兴趣。

We found that only the concept of "negative reciprocity"—in which an employee who feels unfairly treated engages in negative behaviors, such as spending their company's money less carefully—explains these differences.

我们发现，只有“负互惠”这一概念——即感到受到不公平对待的员工会做出负面行为，例如不那么谨慎地花费公司的资金——才能解释这些差异。

The study found that team-building exercises which focused on the sharing of and intervening into personal attitudes and relationships between team members were considered too heavy-handed and intrusive, although the researchers say some degree of openness and vulnerability is often necessary to make deep, effective connections with colleagues.

该研究发现，那些专注于分享和干预团队成员之间的个人态度及关系的团队建设练习被认为过于强硬和侵入性，尽管研究人员表示某种程度的开放和脆弱性对于与同事建立深厚、有效的联系往往是必要的。

After an American company, Liberty Media, acquired the Formula One competition recently, Chase Carey—a former executive with Fox Broadcasting Company and DirecTV who by his own admission is not a fierce racing fan—was named to replace Ecclestone and to try to renovate the organization's management, reach and ambition.

在一家美国公司利宝媒体最近收购了一级方程式比赛之后，蔡斯·凯里——一位曾在福克斯广播公司和直播电视公司任职的高管，他自己承认不是一个狂热的赛车迷——被任命接替埃克莱斯顿，并试图革新该组织的管理、影响力和雄心。

But with its extreme usability comes a complication: what do you do if you strongly feel something should not be done, even if the data insists that it should?

但伴随着其极高的可用性而来的是一个难题：如果你强烈觉得某事不应该做，即使数据坚持认为应该做，你该怎么办？

The book The Hidden Persuaders, published in 1957, warned that supermarkets were putting women in a "hypnoidal trance(催眠恍惚状态)," causing them to wander aisles bumping into boxes and "picking things off shelves at random."

1957年出版的《隐藏的说服者》一书警告称，超市正让女性陷入一种“催眠恍惚状态”，导致她们在过道徘徊，撞到箱子，还“随意从货架上拿东西”。

Other studies, including studies of wheat in India and corn in Africa, also found that there is a threshold above which yields sharply decline: crops can adapt and move, but only to a point.

其他研究，包括在印度的小麦研究和在非洲的玉米研究，也发现存在一个阈值，超过这个阈值产量会急剧下降：作物可以适应和迁移，但只是在一定程度上。

Research by the Boston College Center for Work & Family, which surveyed new parents at four large US companies who were qualified for taking at least six weeks paid parental leave, found that 81% of the 1,240 employees surveyed said the notion of fathers taking leave has become more acceptable.

波士顿学院工作与家庭中心的研究调查了美国四家大公司有资格休至少六周带薪育儿假的新手父母，该研究发现，在接受调查的1240名员工中，81%的人表示父亲休育儿假的观念已经变得更可接受。

It is neither desirable nor morally acceptable nor practical for this county to tolerate the signs of deprivation more commonly associated with the slums(贫民窟) of Rio de Janiero.

对于这个县来说，容忍那些更常与里约热内卢贫民窟相关联的贫困迹象，既不可取，在道德上也不可接受，也不切实际。

What we have not yet understood is the way the tiny machines in front of us are changing our skeletons, possibly altering not just the way we behave but even the very shape of our bodies.

我们尚未理解的是我们面前的微型机器正在改变我们骨骼的方式，这可能不仅改变我们的行为方式，甚至改变我们身体的形状。

"Even if overall food production may be unaffected, food security can still be impacted," says Margaret Walsh, a scientist at the US Department of Agriculture's Climate Change Program Office.

"即使整体粮食生产可能不受影响，粮食安全仍然可能受到影响，"美国农业部气候变化项目办公室的科学家玛格丽特·沃尔什说。

It remains unsettled whether the global food supply problem can be solved by creating heat-tolerant crops through genetic engineering.

通过基因工程培育耐热作物能否解决全球粮食供应问题，这一点仍未确定。

Each of these behaviors is important, of course, but they all focus on physical health—and a growing body of research suggests that social health is just as, if not more, important to overall well-being.

当然，这些行为中的每一种都很重要，但它们都聚焦于身体健康——而且越来越多的研究表明，社交健康对于整体幸福而言，即便不是更重要，至少也是同样重要。

Are we willing to accept a system in which an increase in amenities purchased by the affluent means a reduction in amenities for the poor?

我们是否愿意接受这样一种体系：在该体系中，富人购买的便利设施的增加意味着穷人的便利设施的减少？

This understanding also holds true in the business world, where an organization's stories, and the stories its leaders tell, help solidify relationships in a way that factual statements don't.

这种理解在商业世界中也同样适用，在那里一个组织的故事，以及其领导者所讲述的故事，以一种事实性陈述所不能的方式帮助巩固关系。

Not only does this tendency hinder their growth and performance, it can lead to harmful relationships, both personally and professionally.

这种倾向不仅阻碍他们的成长和表现，还可能导致有害的关系，无论是在个人方面还是职业方面。

We are drawn to people who think like us; we then influence their thoughts over time, which may push their brain activity into more closely resembling our own.

我们被吸引到像我们一样思考的人；然后我们随着时间的推移影响他们的想法，这可能会推动他们的大脑活动更接近我们自己的。

How those decreases will be felt will depend on the degree of warming and the crop in question, but in general, "anything over about 30℃ is very bad for crops," says Wolfram Schlenker, an associate professor of international and public affairs at Columbia University.

这些减少将如何被感受到将取决于变暖的程度和所讨论的作物，但一般来说，“任何超过约30℃的温度对作物都非常不利，”哥伦比亚大学国际与公共事务副教授Wolfram Schlenker说。

Finally, diversifying our diet away from heat-sensitive wheat, corn, rice and other crops could also help.

最后，使我们的饮食多样化，远离对热敏感的小麦、玉米、大米和其他作物，也可能会有所帮助。

So, it's important to know whether using an artificial intelligence agent might affect how we negotiate.

因此，了解使用人工智能代理是否可能影响我们如何谈判是重要的。

Another role that they are expected to take over is negotiating on our behalf in commercial transactions or legal disputes.

他们被期望接管的另一个角色是在商业交易或法律纠纷中代表我们进行谈判。

The US is one of only three countries in the world not to offer statutory(法定的) paid leave, but increasingly states and companies are starting to take up the issue.

美国是世界上仅有的三个不提供法定带薪休假的国家之一，但越来越多的州和公司开始着手处理这个问题。

In May, the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) and Outten & Golden LLP announced a historic class-action $5m settlement with JPMorgan Chase on behalf of male employees who claim they were illegally denied access to paid parental leave.

在五月，美国公民自由联盟（ACLU）和Outten & Golden LLP代表声称被非法拒绝获得带薪育儿假的男性员工，宣布了与摩根大通银行达成的一项历史性的集体诉讼五百万美元和解协议。

The sense of eagerness that comes with having a rival can not only cause you to make poorer decisions, but it can also lead you to take greater risks that put your venture in peril.

那种伴随着拥有竞争对手而来的渴望感不仅会使你做出更糟糕的决定，而且还会导致你承担更大的风险，这些风险会使你的事业陷入危险。

After all, competitive rivalry can also hinder effective decision-making and increase your willingness to take risks, behaviors that can ultimately hurt your venture's success.

毕竟，竞争对抗也会阻碍有效的决策制定并增加你冒险的意愿，这些行为最终可能会损害你的企业的成功。

But even when these accounts touch on real concerns, they do not really reflect the great mass of everyday teenage social behaviour: the online chat, the texting, the surfing, and the emergence of a new teenage sphere that is conducted digitally.

但是即使当这些叙述触及真正的担忧时，它们也并没有真正反映日常青少年社交行为的主体：在线聊天、发短信、上网冲浪以及一个通过数字方式进行的新青少年领域的出现。

"We did a study on paternity leave five years ago. Compared with those findings, these numbers were shocking to me. I did not expect 80% of people to say the organisation finds dads taking this leave acceptable and three-quarters to say it's equally supportive of women and men taking leave," Harrington said.

"我们五年前做过一项关于陪产假的研究。与那些研究结果相比，这些数字让我感到震惊。我没有预料到80%的人会说组织认为父亲休陪产假是可接受的，并且四分之三的人会说组织对男性和女性休产假的支持是同等的，" Harrington说。

To maintain a serious hobby, people need to invest significant psychological resources, say the authors—so if the activity has the same kinds of demands as their work, they may be left exhausted and unable to perform well at their job.

作者称，要维持一项认真的爱好，人们需要投入大量的心理资源——因此，如果这项活动与他们的工作有相同种类的要求，他们可能会感到疲惫不堪，无法在工作中表现良好。

A skilled backroom operator who speaks without a filter, Ecclestone said often that in his opinion, the sport was at its best when he was allowed to act as "a dictator."

一位说话直言不讳的熟练幕后操作者，埃克莱斯顿经常说，在他看来，这项运动在他被允许以“独裁者”身份行事时达到了最佳状态。

Today, a greater and greater proportion of people living on the streets are there because of bad luck or a series of mistakes, or because the economy forgot them—they lost a job or were evicted(逐出) or fled an abusive marriage just as the housing market was growing increasingly unforgiving.

如今，越来越多流落街头的人之所以在那里，是因为运气不好或一系列错误，或者因为经济遗忘了他们——他们失去了工作、被驱逐或逃离了虐待性婚姻，而此时住房市场正变得越来越无情。

Not only can walking make you less depressed, but according to a new study, depression sufferers who took a daily walk showed just as much improvement in their symptoms as people taking medicine.

散步不仅能让你不那么抑郁，而且根据一项新的研究，每天散步的抑郁症患者在症状上的改善与服药的人一样多。

Then, on race day, he watched as the cars rocketed out of a tunnel and went screaming toward a tight turn with the city's harbor and the Mediterranean Sea in the background framing the scene.

然后，在比赛日那天，他看着赛车从隧道中飞驰而出，尖叫着冲向一个急转弯，城市的海港和地中海在背景中构成了这一幕场景。

Carey's ambitious plan is two-fold: first, change the business model of Formula One, which he said was a "one-man show" under Ecclestone that had a largely narrow vision when it came to negotiating partnership deals; and second, alter the way fans experience the sport, both in person and remotely, so that connections between the audience and people within the series are easier to make.

凯里雄心勃勃的计划是双重的：首先，改变一级方程式的商业模式，他称其在埃克莱斯顿领导下是“一人秀”，在谈判合作协议时具有一个很大程度上狭窄的视野；其次，改变粉丝体验这项运动的方式，无论是亲身还是远程，以便观众和系列赛内人员之间的联系更容易建立。

The revolutionary idea of a self-service grocery, where people could hunt and gather food from aisles rather than asking a clerk to fetch items from behind a counter, first came about in America.

自助杂货店的革命性想法——在那里人们可以从货架上自行寻找和拿取食物，而不是让店员从柜台后面取商品——最早出现在美国。

One benefit of this change is that students will not fall victim to the "summer slide," or the well-documented phenomenon where students forget some of the knowledge they have acquired when too much time is taken off from school.

这一变化的一个好处是，学生不会成为“暑期滑坡”的受害者，或者说，不会成为那种有充分记载的现象的受害者，即当学生过多时间离开学校时，他们会忘记一些已学到的知识。

Teenagers comprise about half of the group, many of whom began lion dancing at the age of 14.

青少年构成了该群体的大约一半，其中许多人在14岁时开始舞狮。

There is some debate about which was the very first, but over the years a consensus has built around King Kullen Supermarket, founded in New York in 1930.

关于哪个是第一个存在一些争论，但多年来围绕1930年在纽约成立的金·库伦超市已经形成了共识。

Second, once-public spaces, where people from diverse backgrounds used to come together, have increasingly become privatized, leading to a reduction in the number of public facilities available to all, and a reduced quality of life for many.

第二，曾经的公共空间，即不同背景的人们过去常常聚集的地方，已经越来越私有化，导致面向所有人的公共设施数量减少，以及许多人生活质量的下降。

They can offer insight into the evolution of their own experience and knowledge, presenting themselves as more approachable and then they are more likely to inspire others to want to know more.

他们能够提供对自身经验和知识演变的深刻见解，展现自己更平易近人，然后他们更有可能激励他人想要了解更多。

Supermarkets have long been suffering as one of the thinnest-margined businesses in existence and one of the least-looked-forward-to places to work or visit.

超市长期以来一直是现存利润率最低的行业之一，也是最不令人期待去工作或参观的地方之一。

Travis Bradberry, president at TalentSmart, explained in his post Why Smart People Act So Stupid that "Rational thinking and intelligence don't tend to go hand in hand. Intelligent people are more prone to silly mistakes because of blind spots in how they use logic. These blind spots exist because smart people tend to be overconfident in their reasoning abilities."

TalentSmart公司总裁Travis Bradberry在他的文章《为什么聪明人会做出如此愚蠢的行为》中解释道：“理性思考和智力往往不会携手并进。聪明人更容易犯愚蠢的错误，因为他们在运用逻辑方面存在盲点。这些盲点的存在是因为聪明人往往对自己的推理能力过于自信。”

To turn carbon dioxide into stone, researchers with the CarbFix project pumped the gas into volcanic rock and sped up the natural process, in which the volcanic rock reacts with gas and forms carbon minerals.

为了将二氧化碳转化为石头，CarbFix项目的研究人员将气体泵入火山岩并加速了自然过程，在该过程中火山岩与气体反应并形成碳矿物。

Firstly, the association cited changing diets, in particular, the switch to those low in calories, as a factor in the reduction of bread consumption.

首先，该协会引用了饮食变化，特别是转向那些低热量的饮食，作为面包消费减少的一个因素。

Keeping your name and joining it to your husband's through hyphenation is as legal as simply adopting his name or as simply keeping your own and leaving his out of the picture entirely.

保持你的姓氏并通过连字符将其与你丈夫的姓氏连接起来，与仅仅采用他的姓氏一样合法，或者与仅仅保留你自己的姓氏并完全不提及他的姓氏一样合法。

Whether your future husband insisting on your adopting his last name is a red flag to you or not, it is still something that you should take into consideration.

你未来的丈夫坚持要你采用他的姓氏对你来说是否是一个危险信号，这仍然是你应该考虑的事情。

Hyphenating the last names could be a win-win solution should arguments arise about what name to adopt upon marriage.

在结婚时若出现关于采用什么姓氏的争论，使用连字符连接姓氏可能是一个双赢的解决方案。

Finding someone you're committed to outcompeting can be a great way to stay focused on your goals and push your venture to the next level.

找到一个你致力于超越的人可以是一种保持专注于你的目标并将你的事业推向更高水平的好方法。