2021年 考研英语一阅读理解（四选一） 第 1 篇 · 21–25 题答案与解析

The author holds that this year's increase in rail passenger fares____ 不含 infer/imply 等推断信号，问的是作者对一项已知事实（涨价）的具体评价，落点在原文具体一句话上。

The author holds that this year's increase in rail passenger fares____ 是一个待补全的主从复合句，主句 The author holds that... 引出宾语从句，从句主语是 this year's increase in rail passenger fares，谓语缺失（由选项补足）。结构平铺直叙，无陷阱。

• A)与原文相反

  has kept pace with inflation 意为"与通胀同步"，但原文明说 well above ... inflation，是超过通胀而非同步，方向完全相反。

• B)无中生有

  is a big surprise to commuters 把涨价说成"对通勤者是大惊喜"，但原文将涨价称为 a grimly reliable annual ritual（一年一度可预料的惯例），恰恰是"毫不意外"，文中并无 surprise 语义。

• C)✓ 正确
  • it is still well above the official Consumer Price Index (CPI) measure of inflation↔remains an unreasonable measure
  • How can the train operators possibly justify yet another increase to rail passenger fares?↔remains an unreasonable measure

  预判到"涨幅超通胀、不合理"后，扫四个选项只有 remains an unreasonable measure 同时覆盖"持续状态"和"不合理"两个语义点。

• D)张冠李戴

  will ease train operators' burden 意为"减轻运营商负担"，但原文 imposing a significant extra burden on those who have no option but to use the rail network 明说负担是加在乘客头上而非运营商；主语张冠李戴。

The stockbroker in Paragraph 2 is used to stand for____ 问的是这一举例在论证中代表哪一类人，是典型的例证目的题。

The stockbroker in Paragraph 2 is used to stand for____ 主干 The stockbroker is used to stand for + 宾语；被动结构 is used to 表示"被用来"，stand for 意为"代表/代指"。后置定语 in Paragraph 2 限定指代位置。结构清晰、无陷阱。

• A)与原文相反

  car drivers 在 P2 对比中对应的是 a car-driving pensioner from Lincolnshire，即 stockbroker 的对立面（出钱补贴方）而非 stockbroker 自己。

• B)✓ 正确
  • the daily commute of a stockbroker from Surrey↔rail travelers

  P2 的整段论证是"为什么应由 rail 用户付钱而不是普通纳税人"，对比句中 stockbroker 代表"用车一方"，即铁路通勤者，B 项 rail travelers 精准命中。

• C)无中生有

  local investors 意为"当地投资者"，但 P2 通篇未涉及 invest as 投资行为；文中 cost of investing in ... the rail network 的 invest 是政府/纳税人对铁路网的投入，与 stockbroker 的金融职业无关。

• D)张冠李戴

  ordinary taxpayers 对应原文 the general taxpayer，但 general taxpayer 是 stockbroker 的对立面（被对比为出钱方），不是 stockbroker 本人代表的对象。

It is indicated in Paragraph 3 that train operators____ 中 indicated 指文中已明说之事，要找原文一句明示性表述，按细节题处理。

It is indicated in Paragraph 3 that train operators____ 形式主语 it 句型，真正主语是 that 从句；从句主语 train operators，谓语由选项补足。结构平铺直叙，无陷阱。

• A)与原文相反

  are offering compensation to commuters 称运营商正在提供补偿，但原文是作者主张 there is a strong case that those who have been worst affected by industrial action should receive compensation——should receive 是"应该收到"，即"目前没收到、作者建议应该收到"，与 are offering 的现在进行时方向相反。

• B)无中生有

  are trying to repair relations with the unions 称运营商在修复与工会的关系，但 P3 通篇未提运营商与工会的关系修复，只说 The responsibility for the latest wave of strikes rests on the unions——把责任归在工会，并未谈关系修复。

• C)✓ 正确
  • passengers should be able to expect a basic level of service for the substantial sums they are now paying to travel↔have failed to provide an adequate service
  • the worst rail strikes in years↔have failed to provide an adequate service

  预判到"运营商未提供基本服务"后，扫四个选项只有 have failed to provide an adequate service 与之同义；其余三项各有方向性偏差。

• D)无中生有

  have suffered huge losses owing to the strikes 说运营商因罢工蒙受巨大损失，但 P3 通篇讲乘客（commuters）受罢工影响、应受补偿，从未谈到运营商自身的损失。

If unable to calm down passengers, the railways may have to face____ 问的是原文已明说的一种可能后果，答案在原文必有直接对应句，按细节题处理。

If unable to calm down passengers, the railways may have to face____ 主干 the railways may have to face + 宾语；If unable to calm down passengers 是省略主语和系动词的条件状语从句（完整应为 If the railways are unable to calm down passengers）。calm down passengers 意为"安抚旅客（的怒气）"。

• A)答非所问

  the loss of investment 称投资流失，但原文 more investment is needed 只说还需要更多投资，并未说不安抚乘客就会失去投资；选项偏离题干问的"将面临什么"主线。

• B)过度推断

  the collapse of operations 称运营崩溃，但原文只警告国有化威胁回归，并未推及运营崩溃这一更极端后果；考生若把"不安抚→崩溃"直接连起来，已超出文本支持的范围。

• C)过度推断

  a reduction of revenue 称收入减少，文中虽提到 passengers will not be willing to pay more indefinitely，但"不愿继续付钱"≠"收入会减少"——这中间还有诸多变量；原文未明示收入这一后果。

• D)✓ 正确
  • The threat of nationalisation ... will return with a vengeance↔a change of ownership

  预判国有化即所有权变更后，扫四个选项只有 a change of ownership 命中这一抽象含义；其余三项均为周边干扰。

Which of the following would be the best title for the text? 是主旨题——标题必须覆盖全文，而不能只对应某一段。

Which of the following would be the best title for the text? 主语是 Which，谓语 would be，表语 the best title for the text。情态动词 would 表委婉语气，无实义。结构平铺直叙，无陷阱。

• A)以偏概全

  Who Are to Blame for the Strikes? 只对应 P3 关于罢工责任 The responsibility for the latest wave of strikes rests on the unions 的局部讨论，根本未触及全文主线（涨价不可持续）。

• B)无中生有

  Constant Complaining Doesn't Work 称"抱怨没有用"，但全文是作者本人在批评涨价、为乘客发声，立场是 the justified anger of passengers（乘客愤怒合情合理），从未贬低抱怨。该标题与作者立场完全反向。

• C)与原文相反

  Can Nationalisation Bring Hope? 把国有化框成"希望"，但 P4 末句 The threat of nationalisation ... will return with a vengeance 用 threat 和 with a vengeance（凶猛地、报复性地）的负面色彩词把国有化定性为威胁，绝非希望。

• D)✓ 正确
  • How can the train operators possibly justify yet another increase to rail passenger fares?↔Ever-rising Fares Aren't Sustainable
  • passengers will not be willing to pay more indefinitely↔Ever-rising Fares Aren't Sustainable
  • The threat of nationalisation ... will return with a vengeance↔Ever-rising Fares Aren't Sustainable

  D 项 Ever-rising Fares Aren't Sustainable 同时覆盖 P1 涨价不合理、P3 价高服务差、P4 警告国有化卷土重来——四段全部落到"涨价不可持续"这一主线。