英语四级真题中的分隔结构

"It's odd but when the light readings were done," said Hilde, explaining how the island was awarded its special status, "they found there was more light pollution on the northern side coming from Fiji, which is about 3,000km away, than Auckland to the south.

“这很奇怪，但在进行光照测量时，”希尔德解释该岛如何获得这一特殊地位时说道，“他们发现，北侧来自斐济的光污染，竟然比南侧来自奥克兰的还要严重，而斐济距离这里大约有 3000 公里。”

The locals are a relaxed and friendly bunch—a lot of them told us that it's like what Waiheke Island (now in effect a suburb of Auckland) was in the 1970s when it was a commune of artists and people wanting to escape the city.

当地人都很放松友善——很多人告诉我们，这里很像20世纪70年代的怀赫科岛（如今实际上已成为奥克兰的一个郊区），当时那里是艺术家和想逃离城市的人们聚居的地方。

The team found that residents of the developments that had received the leaflets believed it more likely that local officers would find out about illegal activity than residents of the control areas.

该团队发现，相较于对照区域的居民，收到传单的社区居民更相信当地警察更有可能发现违法活动。

Music is tied to specific perceptual(感知的), mental, and emotional faculties, including language (all societies put words to their songs), motor control (people in all societies dance), sound analysis (all musical systems have a distinct pitch and quality), and aesthetics(美感) (their tunes and rhythms are balanced between repetitiveness and chaos).

音乐与特定的感知、心理和情感能力相联系，包括语言能力（所有社会都会为自己的歌曲配上歌词）、运动控制能力（所有社会中的人都会跳舞）、声音分析能力（所有音乐体系都有独特的音高和音质）以及美感（它们的曲调和节奏在重复性与混乱之间保持平衡）。

Researchers found that people attempting to cut down on eating highly processed foods experience some of the same physical and psychological symptoms—such as mood swings, anxiety, headaches and poor sleep—as those quitting smoking cigarettes or using drugs, according to the study.

研究人员表示，根据这项研究，试图减少食用高度加工食品的人，会出现一些与戒烟或戒毒者相同的身心症状，例如情绪波动、焦虑、头痛和睡眠质量差。

Though the study mentioned above was fairly small (only 191 women took the initial fitness test, which means it's hard to maintain statistical significance while breaking the group down into sub-categories of more or less fit), it does give us hope that dementia can be prevented or delayed through exercise in one's middle age.

尽管上述研究的规模相当有限（最初只有191名女性接受了体能测试，这意味着如果再按体能水平将参与者细分为更健康和不太健康的亚组，就很难保持统计学显著性），但它确实让我们看到希望：人在中年时期通过锻炼，或许能够预防或延缓痴呆症的发生。

People we want to have detailed information about are keen to know about us.

我们希望详细了解其信息的人，也很想了解我们。

"The literature has not yet settled on an amount or type of exercise that is going to be key, although the bulk of literature has suggested that aerobic(有氧的) exercise is what you need to be doing," he said.

他说：“现有文献尚未确定哪种运动量或运动类型是关键，尽管大多数研究都表明，你需要进行有氧运动。”

Secondly, the test supported the assumption that people with a tendency to exhibit the Impostor Phenomenon devalue their objectively measured performance and attribute positive results to external causes such as luck and chance, but not to their own abilities.

其次，测试结果支持了这一假设：倾向于表现出冒名顶替现象的人，会低估通过客观方式测得的自身表现，并将积极结果归因于运气、机缘等外部因素，而不是自身的能力。

When we asked mothers and children to discuss moral issues, such as whether it is OK to play with a child who has stolen someone else's snack, they linked this type of moral wrongdoing with the emotion of anger and not disgust.

当我们让母亲和孩子讨论一些道德问题时，例如是否可以和偷了别人零食的孩子一起玩，他们将这类道德过错与愤怒这种情绪联系起来，而不是与厌恶联系起来。

On the other hand, advocates of organic farming argue yields and efficiency could be significantly improved if the food industry devoted as much research and money to organic farming as it does conventional agriculture.

另一方面，有机农业的倡导者认为，如果食品行业像对待传统农业那样投入同等规模的研究和资金用于有机农业，其产量和效率将会得到显著提高。

And the same activities that help prevent Alzheimer's—including avoiding smoking, getting adequate exercise and sleep and eating a healthy diet—also prevent heart disease, he said, making them even more worthwhile.

他说，同样的生活方式也有助于预防阿尔茨海默病，包括戒烟、保证充足的运动和睡眠以及健康饮食；这些措施还能预防心脏病，因此更加值得践行。

Harris, who became headteacher this year, said he notified parents of the updated rules in an email in June.

哈里斯今年成为校长，他表示已于六月通过电子邮件将更新后的规则通知了家长。

Through this lens, he shows us that the first laws passed in the 1200s to ensure that only the nobility were allowed to wear certain fabrics, colors and ornaments reflected the rise of the middle class, who were now able to imitate some of these fashions.

通过这个视角，他向我们表明，在13世纪通过的第一批法律，其目的是确保只有贵族被允许穿着某些面料、颜色和饰品，这些法律反映了中产阶级的兴起，该阶级现在能够模仿这些时尚中的一些。

Research by the Boston College Center for Work & Family, which surveyed new parents at four large US companies who were qualified for taking at least six weeks paid parental leave, found that 81% of the 1,240 employees surveyed said the notion of fathers taking leave has become more acceptable.

波士顿学院工作与家庭中心的研究调查了美国四家大公司有资格休至少六周带薪育儿假的新手父母，该研究发现，在接受调查的1240名员工中，81%的人表示父亲休育儿假的观念已经变得更可接受。

For example, statistical studies that he and a colleague built of corn and soybean(大豆) production in the US show a steep decline after crossing the 30℃ temperature threshold(临界点).

例如，他和一位同事对美国玉米和大豆产量所做的统计研究显示，在超过30℃温度临界点后，产量急剧下降。

We found that only the concept of "negative reciprocity"—in which an employee who feels unfairly treated engages in negative behaviors, such as spending their company's money less carefully—explains these differences.

我们发现，只有“负互惠”这一概念——即感到受到不公平对待的员工会做出负面行为，例如不那么谨慎地花费公司的资金——才能解释这些差异。

After an American company, Liberty Media, acquired the Formula One competition recently, Chase Carey—a former executive with Fox Broadcasting Company and DirecTV who by his own admission is not a fierce racing fan—was named to replace Ecclestone and to try to renovate the organization's management, reach and ambition.

在一家美国公司利宝媒体最近收购了一级方程式比赛之后，蔡斯·凯里——一位曾在福克斯广播公司和直播电视公司任职的高管，他自己承认不是一个狂热的赛车迷——被任命接替埃克莱斯顿，并试图革新该组织的管理、影响力和雄心。

In cases where parents are working multiple jobs, are less knowledgeable about college bureaucracies, have limited English language skills, or are not contributing financially to their child's education, the burden of self-advocacy will fall on the student.

在父母从事多份工作、对大学行政机构了解较少、英语语言能力有限、或未为子女教育提供经济支持的情况下，自我主张的责任将落在学生身上。

At whatever grade level teachers find themselves, from kindergarten to the final class at medical or law school, few moments stir the emotions as deeply as when former students reappear years and often decades later with an update on where their journey has taken them and what resiliencies(韧性) have been the pavement on which they've traveled.

无论教师们身处哪个年级，从幼儿园到医学院或法学院的最后一堂课，很少有时刻能像多年甚至数十年后以前的学生再次出现时那样深深触动情感，他们会讲述自己的人生旅程走向何方，以及哪些韧性是他们一路走来的铺路石。

Obesity, in which excess body fat has accumulated to such an extent that health may be adversely affected, meets the dictionary definition of disease, argues Professor John Wilding.

约翰·怀尔丁教授认为，肥胖症（其中多余的身体脂肪积累到可能对健康产生不利影响的程度）符合疾病的字典定义。

Research is limited, but some studies suggest that people who can master lucid dreaming—that is, the ability to be aware that a nightmare is happening and possibly even control it without waking up—may hold the answer.

研究是有限的，但一些研究表明，能够掌握清醒梦的人——即能够意识到噩梦正在发生，甚至可能在不醒来的情况下控制它的能力——可能持有答案。

Students who believed that intelligence is fixed—that you are stuck being "not smart" if you struggle in school—showed higher levels of stress hormones when their grades were declining at the beginning of the ninth grade.

那些认为智力是固定的——如果你在学校学习困难，你就会被贴上“不聪明”的标签——的学生，在九年级刚开始成绩下降时，表现出更高水平的压力荷尔蒙。

Watching more than three hours of television a day doubles memory loss in older people, a new study of more than 3,000 adults suggests.

一项针对3000多名成年人的新研究表明，每天观看超过三小时电视会使老年人的记忆力衰退翻倍。

The researchers found that passengers sitting within two seats on either side of a person infected with the flu, as well as those sitting one row in front of or behind this individual, had about an 80 percent chance of getting sick.

研究人员发现，坐在流感感染者两侧两个座位范围内的乘客，以及坐在该感染者前后一排的乘客，有大约80%的患病几率。

"The move to recapture a small part of the profits from an industry that pushes a product that contributes to diabetes, obesity and heart disease in poorer communities in order to reinvest in those communities will sure be inspirational to many other places," said Jim Krieger, executive director of Healthy Food America.

"为了将从一个在贫困社区推广导致糖尿病、肥胖症和心脏病的产品的行业中夺回的一小部分利润再投资到这些社区，这一举措肯定会对许多其他地方产生启发。" 健康食品美国执行董事吉姆·克里格说。

He went on to say that if love is defined as a long-term commitment—meaning dogs seek one another out when they're apart, they're happy when they're reunited, they protect one another, they feed one another, they raise their children together—then of course dogs love each other.

他接着说，如果爱被定义为一种长期承诺——意思是当狗分开时它们会寻找彼此，当它们团聚时会很开心，它们会互相保护，互相喂食，一起抚养它们的孩子——那么当然狗会彼此相爱。

For instance, having spent many generations hunting the fat marine mammals of the Arctic, the Eskimos of Greenland have developed certain genetic adaptations that help them digest and utilize this fat-rich diet, thereby allowing them to thrive in their cold climate.

例如，在花了许多代人的时间捕猎北极的肥胖海洋哺乳动物之后，格陵兰岛的爱斯基摩人已经形成了某些基因适应性，这些适应性有助于他们消化和利用这种富含脂肪的饮食，从而使他们能够在寒冷的气候中茁壮成长。

Indoor pollution, which includes sources like home heating and cooking, has remained constant over the past several decades despite advances in the area.

室内污染，包括家庭取暖和烹饪等来源，在过去几十年中保持不变，尽管该领域有所进步。

Decades of working over coal fires in tight, closed spaces with little fresh air (to ensure his dishes would not get cold) had fatally damaged his lungs.

数十年来在狭小、封闭且几乎没有新鲜空气的空间里在煤火上工作（以确保他的菜肴不会变凉）已经致命地损坏了他的肺部。

On the other side are parents like Mike Jia, one of the thousands of Asian-American professionals who have moved to the district in the past decade, who said Aderhold's reforms would amount to a "dumbing down" of his children's education.

另一边是像迈克·贾这样的家长，他是过去十年中搬到该地区的数千名亚裔美国专业人士之一，他说阿德霍尔德的改革将等同于对他孩子教育的“ dumbing down ”。

David Hunt, an associate professor in sociology at Augusta University, which has rolled out digital textbooks across its math and psychology departments, told BuzzFeed News that he understands the utility of using systems that require access codes.

奥古斯塔大学社会学副教授大卫·亨特（David Hunt）表示，该校已在数学和心理学系推出数字教科书，他理解使用需要访问代码的系统的实用性，并告知了BuzzFeed新闻。

But adding Venice to the UNESCO endangered list—which is dominated by sites in developing and conflict-ridden countries—would be an international embarrassment, and could even hurt Italy's profitable tourism industry.

但是，将威尼斯列入联合国教科文组织濒危名录（该名录主要由发展中国家和冲突不断的国家的遗址占据），将是一件国际丢脸的事，甚至可能损害意大利利润丰厚的旅游业。

The journalist Ian Leslie, in his new and enjoyable book Curious: The Desire to Know and Why Your Fate Depends on It, insists that the answer to that last question is 'Yes.'

记者伊恩·莱斯利在他那本新的、有趣的书《好奇：求知的欲望以及为何你的命运取决于它》中坚持认为，对最后那个问题的答案是“是”。

A 2009 University of British Columbia study of 38 women with an eating disorder who were taught to knit found that learning the craft led to significant improvements.

2009年不列颠哥伦比亚大学对38名患有饮食失调且被教授编织的女性进行的一项研究发现，学习这项手艺带来了显著的改善。

Chris Koch, who teaches "History of Broadcast Journalism" at Montgomery Community College in Rockville, Maryland, points out that reporting is about investigation rather than the memorization of minute details.

克里斯·科赫在马里兰州罗克维尔的蒙哥马利社区学院教授《广播新闻史》，他指出报道是关于调查而非对微小细节的记忆。

"Sugar, alcohol and tobacco," economist Adam Smith once wrote, "are commodities which are nowhere necessaries of life, which have become objects of almost universal consumption, and which are, therefore, extremely popular subjects of taxation."

“糖、酒精和烟草，”经济学家亚当·斯密曾写道，“是那些在任何地方都不是生活必需品、已成为几乎普遍消费品、因此也是极其受欢迎的征税对象的商品。”

In a multi-state study of assisted living, for instance, University of North Carolina researchers found that a host of variables—the facility's type, size or age; whether a chain owned it; how attractive the neighborhood was—had no significant relationship to how the residents fared in terms of illness, mental decline, hospitalizations or mortality.

例如，在一项关于辅助生活的多州研究中，北卡罗来纳大学的研究人员发现，许多变量——设施的类型、规模或年龄；是否为连锁所有；社区的吸引力如何——与居民在疾病、智力衰退、住院治疗或死亡率方面的表现没有显著关系。

"Hesiod offers an idea—which you very often find in some of the world's great religions, in the Judeo-Christian tradition and in Islam and others—that in some sense, when you hurt another human being, you hurt yourself. That damaging other people in your community and in your life, trashing relationships, results in a kind of self-inflicted(自己招致的) spiritual wound."

赫西俄德提出了一个观点——这个观点你在世界上一些伟大的宗教中，在犹太-基督教传统中以及在伊斯兰教和其他宗教中非常常见——即从某种意义上说，当你伤害另一个人的时候，你也在伤害自己。在你的社区和生活中伤害他人，破坏人际关系，会导致一种自己招致的精神创伤。

The three environmental trends-the shortage of fresh water, the loss of topsoil and the rising temperatures-are making it increasingly hard to expand the world's grain supply fast enough to keep up with demand.

这三种环境趋势——淡水短缺、表土流失和气温上升——正使快速扩大世界粮食供应以跟上需求变得越来越困难。

His mother, convinced that she had to do something dramatic to prevent him from leading a life of failure, laid down some rules.

他的母亲确信她必须采取一些戏剧性的行动来阻止他过上失败的生活，于是制定了一些规则。

Everything about the look and feel of a wallet—the way the fastenings and materials wear and tear and loosen with age, the plastic and paper and gold and silver, and handwritten phone numbers and printed cinema tickets—is the very opposite of what our world is becoming.

关于钱包外观和手感的一切——搭扣和材料随着时间推移磨损、变松的方式，塑料、纸张、金银，以及手写的电话号码和打印的电影票——正是我们世界正在变成的样子的反面。

EdX, the nonprofit enterprise founded by Harvard and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) to offer courses on the Internet, has just introduced such a system and will make its automated(自动的) software available free on the Web to any institution that wants to use it.

EdX，这家由哈佛大学和麻省理工学院（MIT）创立的、旨在提供互联网课程的非营利企业，刚刚推出了这样一个系统，并将使其自动软件在网络上免费提供给任何想要使用它的机构。

But the recent proposal by a county in California to ban McDonald's from including toys in its high-calorie "Happy Meals", because legislators believe it attracts children to unhealthy food, suggests there is a lot more left to do.

但是加利福尼亚州一个县最近提议禁止麦当劳在其高热量“快乐儿童餐”中包含玩具，因为立法者认为这会吸引儿童吃不健康的食物，这表明还有很多事情要做。

Two start-ups, Coursera and Udacity, recently founded by Stanford faculty members to create "massive open online courses," or MOOCs, are also committed to automated assessment systems because of the value of instant feedback.

两家初创公司，Coursera和Udacity，最近由斯坦福大学教员创立，旨在创建“大规模开放在线课程”（或MOOCs），也由于即时反馈的价值而致力于自动化评估系统。

But in single-sex schools teachers can tailor lessons to boys' learning style, letting them move around the classroom and getting them to compete in teams to prevent boredom, wrote the study's author, Abigail James, of the University of Virginia.

但在单性别学校，教师可以根据男孩的学习风格调整课程，让他们在教室里走动，并让他们组队竞争以防止无聊，该研究的作者、弗吉尼亚大学的阿比盖尔·詹姆斯写道。

Based on the participants' self-reported symptoms, withdrawal symptoms were significantly more intense between the second and fifth days after attempting to reduce junk-food consumption, which parallels the time span people live through during drug withdrawal.

根据参与者自我报告的症状，在尝试减少垃圾食品摄入后的第2至第5天，戒断症状明显更为强烈，这与人们经历药物戒断时所持续的时间段相当。

But in a phone interview, the only thing you have to go on is what you say and how you say it.

但在电话面试中，你唯一能凭借的就是你说了什么，以及你是怎么说的。

Another highlight was an hour-long walk to Kaitoke hot pools in the centre of the island, through wetlands and a forest, where we whiled away a good hour sitting in the pools shaded from the heat by layers of delicate umbrella-like plants.

另一个亮点是徒步一小时前往岛中央的凯托克温泉。途中我们穿过湿地和森林，在温泉池中消磨了整整一个小时；池子上方层层叠叠的伞状植物为我们遮挡了酷热。

A permanent underestimation of one's own abilities is often accompanied by the fear that this supposed intellectual deception will be exposed sooner or later and that they will pay the price for this.

长期低估自己的能力，往往伴随着这样的恐惧：这种自以为是的智力欺骗迟早会被揭穿，而自己也将为此付出代价。