考研英语真题中的分隔结构

Christopher Kettle, Biodiversity International's director for forest genetic resources and restoration in Rome, says that the need for infrastructure — things such as mechanisms for collecting and storing seeds, and nurseries to raise seedlings — might be most desperate here because many trees are 'masting' species, which don't produce seeds every year.

罗马生物多样性国际组织森林遗传资源与恢复主任克里斯托弗·凯特尔表示，基础设施的需求——例如收集和储存种子的机制，以及培育幼苗的苗圃——在这里可能最为迫切，因为许多树木是“ mast 结实”物种，它们不是每年都产种子。

If that sounds melodramatic, consider this: The Art Directors Guild, a labor union representing about 3,000 film workers, has suspended a training program and issued a statement explaining that "we cannot in good conscience encourage you to pursue our profession."

如果那听起来很夸张，请考虑一下：艺术总监工会，一个代表约3000名电影工人的工会，已经暂停了一项培训项目并发表声明，解释说“我们无法凭良心鼓励你从事我们的职业。”

His pictures of a Glanville fritillary rising from the sea-pinks beside the chalk cliffs of Compton Bay on the Isle of Wight are particularly glorious.

他拍摄的格兰维尔豹纹蝶从怀特岛康普顿湾白垩悬崖旁的海石竹中飞起的照片尤其绚丽。

A study last year by the National Center for Science Education, a non-profit group of scientists and teachers, looking at how state public schools across the country address climate change in science classes, gave barely half of US states a grade B+ or higher.

去年由国家科学教育中心（一个由科学家和教师组成的非营利组织）开展的一项研究，该研究调查了全国各地的州立公立学校如何在科学课堂上应对气候变化，仅给美国半数州打了B+或更高的等级。

The Dutch giant Elsevier, which claims to publish 25% of the scientific papers produced in the world, made profits of more than £900m last year, while UK universities alone spent more than £210m in 2016 to enable researchers to access their own publicly funded research; both figures seem to rise unstoppably despite increasingly desperate efforts to change them.

荷兰巨头爱思唯尔声称出版了全球25%的科学论文，去年利润超过9亿英镑，而仅英国大学在2016年就花费了超过2.1亿英镑，以使研究人员能够获取他们自己的公共资助的研究；尽管人们越来越拼命地努力去改变这些数字，但这两个数字似乎都在不可阻挡地上升。

In people who score high in a test of neuroticism, a personality dimension associated with self-consciousness and anxiety, eye contact triggered more activity associated with avoidance, according to the Finnish researcher Jari Hietanen and colleagues.

根据芬兰研究人员Jari Hietanen及其同事的研究，在神经质测试中得分高的人（神经质是一种与自我意识和焦虑相关的人格维度）中，眼神接触引发了更多与回避相关的活动。

Transient investors, who demand high quarterly profits from companies, can hinder a firm's efforts to invest in long-term research or to build up customer loyalty.

短期投资者，他们要求公司提供高额季度利润，会阻碍公司投资长期研究或建立客户忠诚度的努力。

But another, related force – a policy often buried deep in course catalogs called "grade forgiveness" – is helping raise GPAs.

但是另一种相关的力量——一种常常深藏在课程目录中被称为“成绩宽恕”的政策——正在帮助提高平均学分绩点。

But the headlong push into bachelor's degrees for all – and the subtle devaluing of anything less – misses an important point: That's not the only thing the American economy needs.

但是这种轻率地推动所有人获得学士学位——以及对任何低于此的学历进行微妙的贬低——忽略了一个重要的点：那不是美国经济所需要的唯一东西。

In other words, at a time when the working class has turned the country on its political head, frustrated that the opportunity that once defined America is vanishing, one obvious solution is staring us in the face.

换句话说，在工人阶级已经使国家政治局面发生彻底转变的这个时刻，由于曾经定义美国的机会正在消失而感到沮丧，一个明显的解决方案正摆在我们面前。

Enhanced security measures since then, combined with a rise in airline travel due to the improving economy and low oil prices, have resulted in long waits at major airports such as Chicago's O'Hare International.

自那以后加强的安全措施，再加上由于经济改善和低油价导致的航空旅行增加，已导致在主要机场如芝加哥奥黑尔国际机场出现长时间等待。

Today, widespread social pressure to immediately go to college in conjunction with increasingly high expectations in a fast-moving world often causes students to completely overlook the possibility of taking a gap year.

如今，立即上大学的普遍社会压力，连同在快速变化的世界中日益增高的期望，常常导致学生完全忽视选择间隔年的可能性。

If connections can be bought, a basic premise of democratic society – that all are equal in treatment by government – is undermined.

如果人脉可以被购买，民主社会的一个基本前提——即所有人在政府待遇面前都是平等的——就会被破坏。

For many people, especially those with serious health conditions or family members with serious health conditions, before Obamacare the only way to get insurance was through a job that provided health insurance.

对于许多人，特别是那些有严重健康状况的人或有严重健康状况的家庭成员，在奥巴马医改之前，获得保险的唯一途径是通过提供健康保险的工作。

Precisely because readers from different historical periods, places and social experiences produce different but overlapping readings of the same words on the page–including for texts that engage with fundamental human concerns – debates about texts can play an important role in social discussion of beliefs and values.

正是因为来自不同历史时期、地域和社会经历的读者会对页面上相同的文字产生不同但又相互重叠的解读——包括那些涉及人类基本关切的文本——关于文本的争论能够在信仰和价值观的社会讨论中发挥重要作用。

Long is Britain's best-known Land Artist and his Stone Circle, a perfect ring of purplish rocks from Portishead beach laid out on the gallery floor, represents the elegant, rarefied side of the form.

朗是英国最著名的大地艺术家，而他的“石环”——一个由来自波蒂斯黑德海滩的紫褐色岩石在画廊地板上排列成的完美圆环——代表了这种形式中优雅而精致的一面。

Beethoven's habit of increasing the volume with an extreme intensity and then abruptly following it with a sudden soft passage was only rarely used by composers before him.

贝多芬以极大强度增加音量然后突然接一个轻柔乐段的习惯，在他之前的作曲家那里很少被使用。

Another urge or need that these gardens appear to respond to, or to arise from, is so intrinsic that we are barely ever conscious of its abiding claims on us.

这些花园似乎响应或源于的另一种冲动或需求是如此内在，以至于我们几乎从未意识到它对我们持久的要求。

If you look hard enough, you'll find that many of the products we use every day – chewing gums, skin moisturizers, disinfecting wipes, air fresheners, water purifiers, health snacks, teeth whiteners, fabric softeners, vitamins – are results of manufactured habits.

如果你足够努力地观察，你会发现我们每天使用的许多产品——口香糖、皮肤保湿剂、消毒湿巾、空气清新剂、净水器、健康零食、牙齿美白剂、织物柔软剂、维生素——都是制造习惯的结果。

The researchers' argument stems from a simple observation about social influence: With the exception of a few celebrities like Oprah Winfrey – whose outsize presence is primarily a function of media, not interpersonal, influence – even the most influential members of a population simply don't interact with that many others.

研究人员的论点源于一个关于社会影响的简单观察：除了少数像奥普拉·温弗瑞这样的名人——其巨大的影响力主要是媒体影响而非人际影响的作用——即使是一个群体中最有影响力的成员也根本不会与那么多人互动。

Thus, in his view, diverse aspects of culture, such as the structure of families, forms of marriage, categories of kinship, ownership of property, forms of government, technology, and systems of food production, all changed as societies evolved.

因此，在他看来，文化的不同方面，诸如家庭结构、婚姻形式、亲属类别、财产所有权、政府形式、技术以及食物生产体系，都随着社会的演变而改变。

Thus, in his view, diverse aspects of culture, such as the structure of families, forms of marriage, categories of kinship, ownership of property, forms of government, technology, and systems of food production, all changed as societies evolved.

因此，在他看来，文化的不同方面，诸如家庭结构、婚姻形式、亲属类别、财产所有权、政府形式、技术以及粮食生产体系，都随着社会的演变而发生了变化。

Even today, in our industrial life, apart from certain values of industriousness and thrift, the intellectual and emotional reaction of the forms of human association under which the world's work is carried on receives little attention as compared with physical output.

即使在今天，在我们的工业生活中，除了勤劳和节俭的某些价值观外，对于世界工作赖以进行的人类联合形式的理智和情感反应，与物质产出相比，很少受到关注。

On the other hand, he did not accept as well founded the charge made by some of his critics that, while he was a good observer, he had no power of reasoning.

另一方面，他不接受他的一些批评者提出的指控，即虽然他是一个好的观察者，但他没有推理能力。

Washington, who had begun to believe that all men were created equal after observing the bravery of the black soldiers during the Revolutionary War, overcame the strong opposition of his relatives to grant his slaves their freedom in his will.

华盛顿在独立战争期间观察到黑人士兵的勇敢后，开始相信人人生而平等，他克服了亲属的强烈反对，在遗嘱中给予他的奴隶自由。

The Internet – and pressure from funding agencies, who are questioning why commercial publishers are making money from government-funded research by restricting access to it – is making free access to scientific results a reality.

互联网——以及来自资助机构的压力，这些机构正在质疑为什么商业出版商通过限制对其的访问来从政府资助的研究中赚钱——正在使科学成果的免费获取成为现实。

Left, until now, to odd, low-level IT staff to put right, and seen as a concern only of data-rich industries such as banking, telecoms and air travel, information protection is now high on the boss's agenda in businesses of every variety.

直到现在，信息保护一直交由临时的、低级别的 IT 人员来纠正，并且仅被视为像银行、电信和航空旅行等数据丰富行业才关心的问题，而如今在各类企业中，信息保护已成为老板们议程上的重要事项。

Several massive leakages of customer and employee data this year – from organizations as diverse as Time Warner, the American defense contractor Science Applications International Corp and even the University of California, Berkeley – have left managers hurriedly peering into their intricate IT systems and business processes in search of potential vulnerabilities.

今年发生的数起大规模客户和员工数据泄露事件——涉及时代华纳、美国国防承包商科学应用国际公司乃至加州大学伯克利分校等各类机构——使得管理人员匆忙审视其复杂的IT系统和业务流程，以寻找潜在的漏洞。

Canada's premiers (the leaders of provincial governments), if they have any breath left after complaining about Ottawa at their late July annual meeting, might spare a moment to do something, together, to reduce health-care costs.

加拿大的省长们（省级政府的领导人），如果他们在七月下旬的年度会议上抱怨完渥太华后还有力气的话，或许可以一起抽出点时间做点什么来降低医疗成本。

However, whether such a sense of fairness evolved independently in capuchins and humans, or whether it stems from the common ancestor that the species had 35 million years ago, is, as yet, an unanswered question.

然而，这种公平感是在卷尾猴和人类中独立进化而来，还是源于这两个物种在3500万年前的共同祖先，截至目前仍是一个未解之谜。

Despite a spell of initial optimism in the 1960s and 1970s when it appeared that transistor circuits and microprocessors might be able to copy the action of the human brain by the year 2010, researchers lately have begun to extend that forecast by decades if not centuries.

尽管在20世纪60年代和70年代有一段最初的乐观时期，当时似乎晶体管电路和微处理器到2010年可能能够复制人类大脑的活动，但研究人员最近已经开始将这一预测延长数十年，如果不是数百年的话。

Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide, the Court in effect supported the medical principle of "double effect", a centuries-old moral principle holding that an action having two effects—a good one that is intended and a harmful one that is foreseen—is permissible if the actor intends only the good effect.

尽管法院裁定宪法没有赋予医生协助自杀的权利，但实际上，法院支持了“双重效果”的医学原则，这是一个存在了几个世纪的道德原则，该原则认为，一个具有两种效果——一个是预期的好效果，一个是可预见的坏效果——的行为，如果行为人只意图实现好的效果，那么这个行为是被允许的。

The Lord Chancellor said introduction of the Human Rights Bill, which makes the European Convention on Human Rights legally binding in Britain, laid down that everybody was entitled to privacy and that public figures could go to court to protect themselves and their families.

大法官表示，《人权法案》的引入——该法案使《欧洲人权公约》在英国具有法律约束力——规定每个人都享有隐私权，公众人物可以诉诸法庭保护自己和家人。

A lateral move that hurt my pride and blocked my professional progress prompted me to abandon my relatively high profile career although, in the manner of a disgraced government minister, I covered my exit by claiming "I wanted to spend more time with my family".

一次伤害了我的自尊并阻碍了我的职业发展的平级调动促使我放弃了我相对高调的职业，尽管，以一种失势政府部长的方式，我通过声称“我想花更多时间陪伴我的家人”来掩饰我的离职。

I have discovered, as perhaps Kelsey will after her much-publicized resignation from the editorship of She after a build-up of stress, that abandoning the doctrine of "juggling your life", and making the alternative move into "downshifting" brings with it far greater rewards than financial success and social status.

我发现，或许凯尔西在她因压力积累而广为人知地辞去《她》杂志主编职务之后也会发现，放弃“兼顾生活”的信条，并选择“慢生活”这种替代方案，会带来远超财务成功和社会地位的巨大回报。

As a result, the support for ambition as a healthy impulse, a quality to be admired and fixed in the mind of the young, is probably lower than it has ever been in the United States.

因此，将雄心视为一种健康的冲动、一种应被赞赏并在年轻人心中固定下来的品质的支持，在美国可能比以往任何时候都要低。

For a while it looked as though the making of semiconductors, which America had invented and which sat at the heart of the new computer age, was going to be the next casualty.

有一段时间，情况看起来好像半导体的制造——美国发明了半导体，且半导体处于新计算机时代的核心——将会成为下一个牺牲品。

Nor, if regularity and conformity to a standard pattern are as desirable to the scientist as the writing of his papers would appear to reflect, is management to be blamed for discriminating against the "odd balls" among researchers in favor of more conventional thinkers who "work well with the team".

如果规律性和符合标准模式对科学家而言，如同其论文写作所似乎反映的那样，是同样可取的，那么管理层也不应因歧视研究人员中的“怪人”而偏向那些“与团队合作良好”的更传统思想家而受到指责。

By contrast, they saw in the preceding hundred years from 1650 to 1750, when England was still a completely agricultural country, a period of great abundance and prosperity.

相比之下，他们认为在1650年至1750年之前的一百年里，当时英国仍是一个完全的农业国家，是一个极度富裕和繁荣的时期。

Leonard Schlesinger, a Harvard academic and former chief executive of Au Bong Pain, a rapidly growing chain of bakery cafes, says that much "re-engineering" has been crude.

伦纳德·施莱辛格，一位哈佛学者、Au Bong Pain的前首席执行官（Au Bong Pain是一家快速发展的烘焙咖啡馆连锁企业），表示许多“重组工程”都很粗糙。

What the researchers found was at once both amazing and expected: the US National Aeronautics and Space Administration's Cosmic Background Explorer satellite—Cobe—had discovered landmark evidence that the universe did in fact begin with the primeval explosion that has become known as the Big Bang (the theory that the universe originated in an explosion from a single mass of energy).

研究人员的发现既令人惊讶又在预料之中：美国国家航空航天局的宇宙背景探测器卫星——COBE——已经发现了具有里程碑意义的证据，证明宇宙实际上确实始于原始爆炸，这种爆炸后来被称为“大爆炸”（该理论认为宇宙起源于单一能量团的爆炸）。

Much of the global funding for restoration is dedicated to developing it as a tool to mitigate climate change, notes restoration ecologist Pedro Brancalion.

全球用于修复的大部分资金致力于将其开发为一种缓解气候变化的工具，修复生态学家Pedro Brancalion指出。

One of the most important changes the upgrades will bring is the segregation of the high-speed line from the regular one in certain urban centres through the construction of underground rail links.

这些升级将带来的最重要变化之一是在某些城市中心通过建设地下铁路连接将高速铁路与普通铁路分离。

The negotiation, between you and it, is the heart of the matter.

这场你和它之间的谈判，是问题的核心。

As demand for healthcare continues to grow, pressures on the workforce—which is already near breaking point—will only become more acute.

随着医疗保健需求的持续增长，劳动力队伍——其已接近崩溃边缘——所面临的压力只会变得更加严峻。

For example, neighborhoods with a large elderly population or informal dwellings that cope poorly with heat could get special warnings or be bolstered with cooling centers.

例如，拥有大量老年人口的社区或应对高温能力较差的非正式住所，可能会收到特殊警告或得到降温中心的支持。

A Reddit webpage devoted to the phenomenon, boasting nearly 50,000 members, showcases images of local desire paths adorned with signs instructing pedestrians to adhere to designated walkways, underscoring the rebellious nature inherent in these human-made tracks.

一个致力于该现象的Reddit网页，拥有近5万名成员，展示了当地“欲望小径”的图片，这些小径上装饰着指示行人遵守指定人行道的标志，突显了这些人造小径中固有的叛逆性质。

It is unarguable that our laboratories, scientific instruments, rockets and satellites—the tools we scientists need to measure the planet's pulse—demand significant amounts of energy both in their construction and operation.

无可争辩的是，我们的实验室、科学仪器、火箭和卫星——这些我们科学家用来测量地球脉搏所需的工具——在其建造和运行过程中都需要大量的能源。

Remember that in light of whatever the problem the old system solved—or, maybe, has failed to solve in recent memory—it was a great idea at the time.

记住，考虑到旧系统解决过的任何问题——或者，也许，在最近的记忆中未能解决的问题——它在当时是一个很棒的想法。

One of the biggest barriers to gaining buy-in occurs when the owner of an idea is viewed as argumentative, defensive, or close-minded.

获得认同的最大障碍之一发生在当一个想法的持有者被视为好辩、防御性强或思想封闭的时候。