2020年英语六级真题长难句

Despite these obvious advances in the study of young children's thinking, it would be a grave mistake to dismiss the careful and systematic analyses compiled by Piaget and others before the new tests dominated the scene because the original methods revealed essential facts about how children think that the new methods cannot uncover.

尽管在幼儿思维研究方面取得了这些明显的进展，但在新测试主导该领域之前，忽视由皮亚杰和其他人所汇编的仔细且系统的分析将是一个严重的错误，因为原始方法揭示了关于儿童如何思考的、新方法无法揭示的基本事实。

Hunting "designed to secure the aggregate welfare of the target species, the integrity of its ecosystem, or both"—what Varner terms "therapeutic hunting"—is defensible, while subsistence and sport hunting—both of which only benefit human beings—are not.

旨在确保目标物种的总体福利、其生态系统的完整性或两者兼而有之的狩猎——Varner称之为“治疗性狩猎”——是合理的，而仅使人类受益的生计狩猎和娱乐性狩猎则不然。

So the problem with deploying machine learning and artificial intelligence in agriculture is not that scientists lack the capacity to develop programs and protocols to begin to address the biggest of growers' concerns; the problem is that in most cases, no two environments will be exactly alike, which makes the testing, validation and successful rollout of such technologies much more laborious than in most other industries.

因此，在农业中部署机器学习和人工智能的问题不在于科学家缺乏制定程序和协议以开始解决种植者最大关切的能力；问题在于在大多数情况下，没有两个环境会完全相同，这使得此类技术的测试、验证和成功推广比在大多数其他行业中要费力得多。

For instance, physics allows you to observe and rationalise the world, but also to integrate observations into models and, sometimes, models into theories or laws that can be used to make predictions.

例如，物理学使你能够观察和解释世界，而且还能将观察结果整合到模型中，有时还能将模型整合到可用于进行预测的理论或定律中。

Instead of one big narrative, a story of unexpected rescue by a larger-than-life hero, we need multiple stories: we need stories, not only of what Rob Nixon of Princeton University has called the 'slow violence' of environmental degradation (that is, the damage that is often invisible at first and develops slowly and gradually), but also stories of what I call 'slow hope'.

不是一个宏大的叙事，一个由传奇英雄意外救援的故事，我们需要多个故事：我们需要故事，不仅是关于普林斯顿大学的罗布·尼克松所说的环境退化的‘缓慢暴力’（即起初往往不可见且缓慢逐渐发展的损害），而且也是关于我所说的‘缓慢希望’的故事。

However, at its core is love, and a sacrifice to protect those most vulnerable to the coronavirus(冠状病毒) effects—the elderly, people with compromised immune systems, and those whose life-saving resources would be used up by a malignant epidemic.

然而，其核心是爱，以及一种为保护那些最易受冠状病毒影响的人——老年人、免疫系统受损的人以及那些救命资源会被恶性流行病耗尽的人——所做出的牺牲。

In August, 173 marine scientists signed an open letter to the government saying they were "greatly concerned" that the proposals for the southwestern region had not been based on the "core science principles" of reserves—the protected regions were not, for instance, representative of all the habitats in the region, they said.

在八月，173名海洋科学家签署了一封给政府的公开信，信中说他们“非常担心”西南地区的提案没有基于保护区的“核心科学原则”——例如，他们说，这些受保护的区域并不代表该地区所有的栖息地。

Accusing individuals or groups of being radical often serves to silence them into submission, thereby maintaining the existing state of affairs, and, more important, preserving the power of a select minority who are mostly wealthy white males in western society.

指责个人或群体为激进分子常常起到使他们沉默屈服的作用，从而维持现有的事态，更重要的是，保护西方社会中大多是富有的白人男性的特定少数群体的权力。

With research results showing the cumulative effects of sleep loss and its impact on productivity, doubt has been voiced about the accuracy of Steel's self-assessment.

随着研究结果显示睡眠不足的累积效应及其对生产力的影响，人们对斯蒂尔自我评估的准确性提出了怀疑。

Consequently, the old view of children's egocentric(自我中心的) nature and intellectual weaknesses has increasingly fallen out of favor and become replaced by a more generous position that sees a budding sense not only of the physical world but also of other minds, even in the "youngest young."

因此，关于儿童自我中心本性以及智力弱点的旧观点已日益失宠，并被一种更宽容的立场取代，这种立场认为，即使在“最年幼的儿童”身上，也存在着不仅对物质世界而且对其他心智的萌芽意识。

When researchers measure these less demanding, and often involuntary, behaviors, they can detect a sensitivity to others' mental states at a much younger age than with the more taxing methods that Piaget and his followers deployed.

当研究人员测量这些要求较低且通常是非自愿的行为时，他们能够在比皮亚杰及其追随者所使用的更费力的方法更早得多的年龄检测到对他人心理状态的敏感性。

According to Glenn Kirk of the California-based The Animals' Voice, hunting "causes immense suffering to individual wild animals…" and is "irrationally cruel because unlike natural predation(捕食), hunters kill for pleasure …"

根据总部位于加利福尼亚州的“动物之声”组织的格伦·柯克的说法，狩猎“给个体野生动物带来巨大痛苦……”并且“是极其残忍的，因为与自然捕食不同，猎人是为了娱乐而杀戮……”

When you're feeling hard done by—taken for granted by your partner, say, or obliged to work for a half-witted boss—it's easy to become attached to the position that it's not your job to address the matter, and that doing so would be an admission of fault.

当你感觉被亏待时——比如说，被你的伴侣视为理所当然，或者被迫为蠢笨的老板工作——很容易就会固守这样的立场：解决这个问题不是你的职责，并且那样做会被认为是承认错误。

But it's more than that: where Eliasson is at his most entertaining, he is at his most serious too, and his disorienting installations bring home the reality of the destructive effects we are having on the planet—not least what we are doing to the glaciers of Eliasson's beloved Iceland.

但这不止于此：在埃利亚松最具娱乐性的地方，他也是最严肃的；并且他那些令人迷失方向的装置艺术让我们深刻认识到我们正在对地球造成的破坏性影响的现实——尤其是我们正在对埃利亚松挚爱的冰岛的冰川所做的事情。

Some even argue that a basic knowledge of others' minds is not only possessed by human infants, but must be evolutionarily old and hence shared by our nearest living relatives, the great apes.

有些人甚至认为，对他人心智的基本了解不仅为人类婴儿所拥有，而且在进化上一定是古老的，因此也为我们现存的最近亲属——类人猿所共有。

Which is why calls for a plant-based diet modeled on India risk offering another whip with which to beat already vulnerable communities in developing countries.

这就是为什么呼吁以印度为范本的植物性饮食可能会提供另一种鞭子，用来抽打发展中国家本已脆弱的社区。

The researchers assert that the findings suggest that when people obtain very favorable outcomes, they anticipate other people's suspicious reactions and prefer lying and appearing honest to telling the truth and appearing as selfish liars.

研究人员断言，这些发现表明，当人们获得非常有利的结果时，他们会预料到他人的怀疑反应，并且比起说出真相并显得像自私的说谎者，更喜欢撒谎并显得诚实。

Just as in the myth, technology—first fire and stone tools, and later farming, the steam engine and industry, fossil fuels, chemicals and nuclear power—has allowed us to alter and control the natural world.

正如在神话中那样，技术——首先是火与石器，后来是农业、蒸汽机与工业、化石燃料、化学品和核能——已经允许我们去改变和控制自然界。

The point is that what goes for the baby on the doorstep is true in all cases: even if the other person is 100% in the wrong, there's nothing to be gained, long-term, from using this as a justification to evade responsibility.

关键在于，适用于门阶上婴儿的情况在所有案例中都是真实的：即使对方完全错误，从长期来看，将此作为逃避责任的理由也不会有任何收获。

Marcel Proust, another lover of the Louvre, wrote: "It is only through art that we can escape from ourselves and know how another person sees the universe, whose landscapes would otherwise have remained as unknown as any on the moon."

马塞尔·普鲁斯特，卢浮宫的另一位爱好者，写道：“只有通过艺术，我们才能逃离自我，了解另一个人如何看待宇宙，否则宇宙的风景将像月球上的任何风景一样不为我们所知。”

If they can "win" the game—dismissing every suggestion until their interlocutor(对话者) gives up in annoyance—they get to feel pleasurably righteous(正当的) in their resentments and excused from any obligation to change.

如果他们能“赢得”这场游戏——驳回每一个建议，直到他们的对话者恼怒地放弃——他们就会在怨恨中感到愉快的正当性，并免除任何改变的义务。

Reserves proposed earlier this year for Australia's southwestern and northwestern coastal regions have also been criticised for failing to give habitats adequate protection.

今年早些时候为澳大利亚西南和西北沿海地区提议的保护区也因未能给予栖息地足够的保护而受到批评。

What science does tell us is that mainstream conventional farming systems have provided growing supplies of food and other products but often at the expense of other sustainability goals.

科学确实告诉我们的是，主流传统农业系统已经提供了日益增长的食品和其他产品的供应，但往往是以牺牲其他可持续发展目标为代价的。

And, ironic as it sounds, since humans have wiped out many animal predators, some see hunting as a natural way to reduce the herds of prey animals that now reproduce beyond the environment's carrying capacity.

并且，听起来很讽刺的是，由于人类已经消灭了许多动物捕食者，一些人将狩猎视为一种自然的方式来减少猎物群，这些猎物群现在的繁殖已经超出了环境的承载能力。

Piaget not only believed that children were "egocentric" in the sense that they were unable to differentiate between their own viewpoint and that of others; he was also convinced that their thinking was characterized by systematic errors and confusions.

皮亚杰不仅认为儿童是“自我中心的”，其意义是他们无法区分自己的观点和他人的观点；他还确信他们的思维具有系统性错误和混乱的特征。

Olafur Eliasson's current Tate Modern show, for instance, might seem nothing more than an entertainment, overrun as it is with kids romping(喧闹地玩耍) in fog rooms and spray mist installations.

例如，奥拉弗·埃利亚松当前在泰特现代美术馆的展览，可能看起来只不过是一场娱乐活动，因为它挤满了在雾室和喷雾装置中喧闹地玩耍的孩子们。

With the software having been developed in the United States on the same variety of crops in seemingly similar conditions, the agronomist feels confident that the software will produce a nearly accurate result.

鉴于该软件已在美国针对相同种类的作物在看似相似的条件下开发，农学家相信该软件将产生近乎准确的结果。

So, while there might be significant increases in energy use at localized regions of the brain when we perform difficult cognitive tasks, when it comes to the whole brain's energy budget overall, these activities don't significantly alter it.

因此，虽然当我们执行困难的认知任务时，大脑局部区域的能量使用可能会显著增加，但就整个大脑的总体能量预算而言，这些活动并不会显著改变它。

While the conversation about young adults staying longer at home is saturated by talk of laziness, of dependence, of an inability for young people to pull themselves together, rarely do we talk of the way, in my case at least, my relationship with my parents has undoubtedly strengthened the longer we have lived together.

虽然关于年轻人在家待更久的讨论充斥着关于懒惰、依赖、年轻人无法振作起来的说法，但我们很少谈论这样一种方式，至少在我的情况中，我与父母的关系无疑随着我们共同生活时间的延长而加强了。

It was perhaps when my parents—who also happen to be my housemates—left to go traveling for a couple of months recently that it dawned on me why I had not yet left the family home.

或许正是当我的父母——他们碰巧也是我的室友——最近离开去旅行几个月的时候，我才突然明白为什么我还没有离开家。

Alongside this enlightenment develops an ever growing understanding of other persons, including their attitudes and views of the world.

伴随着这种启蒙，发展出对他人日益增长的理解，包括他们的态度和世界观。

Slow Food cannot undo the irresistible developments of the global food economy, but it can upset its theorists, it can 'speak differently', and it can allow people and their local food traditions and environments to flourish.

慢食运动不能扭转全球粮食经济不可阻挡的发展，但它可以使理论家不安，它可以‘以不同方式发声’，并且它可以允许人们及其当地的饮食传统和环境繁荣发展。

One of the most researched laws of social psychology is something called the "mere exposure effect", which, in essence, means that the more we're exposed to something, the more we tend to like it.

社会心理学中研究最多的定律之一是一种被称为“纯粹接触效应”的东西，其本质上意味着我们接触某事物越多，我们就越倾向于喜欢它。

If lifelong learning were to become a priority and the new norm, diplomas, just like passports, could be revalidated periodically.

如果终身学习成为优先事项和新规范，文凭就像护照一样可以定期重新生效。

It was only then that the picture would begin to disclose itself.

只有到那时，这幅画才会开始显露出来。

This classical model has traditionally produced prestigious universities, but it is now challenged by the digitalisation of society—which allows everybody who is connected to the internet to access learning—and by the need to acquire skills in step with a fast-changing world.

这种传统模式在传统上培养了著名的大学，但现在它受到社会数字化的挑战——社会数字化允许每个连接到互联网的人获取学习——并且受到需要获取与快速变化的世界同步的技能的挑战。

The pressure for quick results leads to product failure, which, in turn, arouses doubts about the applicability of AI technology to agriculture.

对快速结果的压力导致产品失败，这反过来引起对人工智能技术在农业上的适用性的怀疑。

The relationship between poor health and inequality is too pronounced for governments to be passive about large-scale intervention.

健康状况不佳与不平等之间的关系过于明显，以至于政府不能对大规模干预采取消极态度。

And the water is muddied by lobbying from the industries that profit from consumption of obesity-inducing products.

并且水被来自从肥胖诱导产品消费中获利的行业的游说所搅浑。

A review of studies published last year found that cognitive advantages failed to appear in 83 percent of published studies, though in a separate analysis, the sum of effects was still significantly positive.

去年发表的一项对研究的综述发现，在已发表的研究中，83%的研究并未出现认知优势，尽管在另一项单独的分析中，这些影响的总和仍然显著为正。

The scientists hope their discoveries will shed light on life in outer space, which might exist in similar dark and airless conditions.

科学家们希望他们的发现将阐明外层空间中的生命，这种生命可能存在于类似的黑暗且无空气的环境中。

Nor are the basic elements of healthy eating disputed.

健康饮食的基本要素也没有受到争议。

When faced with the threat of being labelled radical, women back down from their worthy calls and consequently participate in their own oppression.

当面临被贴上激进标签的威胁时，女性会放弃她们有价值的呼吁，从而参与到对自身的压迫中。

The interviews and experiments he conducted with kids in the middle of the 20th century suggested that they were trapped in their subjective viewpoints, incapable of imagining what others think, feel or believe.

他在20世纪中期与孩子们进行的访谈和实验表明，他们被困在自己的主观观点中，无法想象他人的想法、感受或信念。

Researchers began to devise ever more ingenious ways of figuring out what goes on in the minds of babies, and the resulting picture of their abilities shows subtle variations.

研究人员开始设计越来越巧妙的方法来弄清楚婴儿头脑中发生了什么，并且由此产生的关于他们能力的图景显示出细微的差异。

Our study reveals that by the tender age of two, kids not only track what others believe or expect; they can even foresee how others will feel when they discover reality.

我们的研究揭示，到了两岁这个稚嫩的年纪，孩子们不仅能追踪他人的信念或期望；他们甚至能够预见他人发现现实时的感受。

A big part of why we now recognize so much more of kids' intellectual capacities is the development of much more sensitive research tools than Piaget had at his disposal.

我们现在能认识到更多孩子智力能力的一个重要原因是，相比皮亚杰所拥有的研究工具，现在有了更加灵敏的研究工具的发展。

The new investigative tools demonstrate that kids know more than they can say: when we scratch beneath the surface, we find an emerging understanding of relations and perspectives that Piaget probably did not dream of.

这些新的调查工具表明，孩子们知道的比他们能说出来的要多：当我们深入探究表面之下时，我们会发现一种对关系和视角的新兴理解，这是皮亚杰可能没有想到的。

The United Nations issued a report last week warning that humans are destroying nature at such a rate that life on Earth is at risk.

联合国上周发布了一份报告，警告人类正在以如此快的速度破坏自然，以至于地球上的生命处于危险之中。

The first hour, he claimed, was necessary for misperceptions to be eliminated.

他声称，第一个小时对于消除误解是必要的。