2017年英语六级真题长难句

If Apple alters the security model of future iPhones so that even its own engineers' "reasonable assistance" will not be able to crack a given device when compelled by the government, a precedent set in this case might lose its lasting force.

如果苹果公司改变未来iPhone的安全模型，以至于即使其自己的工程师在被政府强迫时提供的“合理协助”也无法破解特定设备，那么在此案中确立的先例可能会失去其持久效力。

In some cases, says data scientist Karthik Ram, it may be difficult for junior researchers to embrace openness when senior colleagues—many of whom head selection and promotion committees—might ridicule what they may view as misplaced energies.

数据科学家Karthik Ram表示，在某些情况下，当资深同事——其中许多人是选拔和晋升委员会的负责人——可能会嘲笑他们可能认为是错位精力的东西时，初级研究人员可能难以接受开放性。

Direct subsidies to research and development have been adopted by some governments but are a poor substitute for a carbon price: they do only part of the job, leaving in place market incentives to over-use fossil fuels and thereby add to the stock of atmospheric greenhouse gases without regard to the collateral(附带的) costs.

一些政府已经采用了对研发的直接补贴，但这是碳价格的不良替代品：它们只完成了部分工作，留下了过度使用化石燃料的市场激励，从而在不考虑附带成本的情况下增加了大气中温室气体的存量。

Yet underlying all of this is a simple dynamic: Apple, Google, Facebook and other companies hold most of the cards in this confrontation.

然而，这一切背后是一个简单的动态：苹果、谷歌、脸书和其他公司在这场对抗中掌握着大多数筹码。

Apple's emerging global brand is privacy; it has staked its corporate reputation, not to mention the investment of considerable technical and financial resources, on limiting the sort of mass surveillance that was uncovered by Mr. Snowden.

苹果公司新兴的全球品牌是隐私；它已经将其企业声誉，更不用说大量技术和财务资源的投入，押在了限制斯诺登先生所揭露的那种大规模监控上。

Transforming downtown areas so that they incorporate modern housing and improved walkability to local restaurants, retail, and entertainment—especially when combined with improved infrastructure for cyclists and public transit—makes them appeal to a more affluent demographic.

改造市中心区域，以便它们融入现代住房和到当地餐馆、零售和娱乐场所的更好的步行便利性——尤其是当与为骑行者和公共交通改善的基础设施相结合时——使它们对更富裕的人群具有吸引力。

Bats, swallows and more are chemically preserved in the pose in which they perished, sealed in the deposits of sodium carbonate in the water.

蝙蝠、燕子和更多（动物）在它们死亡时的姿势中被化学保存，密封在水中的碳酸钠沉积物里。

After revelations by the former National Security Agency contractor Edward J. Snowden in 2013 that the government both cozied up to(讨好) certain tech companies and hacked into others to gain access to private data on an enormous scale, tech giants began to recognize the United States government as a hostile actor.

在2013年前国家安全局承包商爱德华·J·斯诺登揭露政府既讨好某些科技公司又入侵其他公司以获取大规模私人数据之后，科技巨头开始将美国政府视为敌对行为者。

As Apple and several security experts have argued, an order compelling Apple to write software that gives the FBI access to the iPhone in question would establish an unsettling precedent.

正如苹果公司和几位安全专家所主张的那样，一项强制苹果公司编写软件以让联邦调查局访问相关iPhone的命令将开创一个令人不安的先例。

Apple argues that it is fighting to preserve a principle that most of us who are addicted to our smartphones can defend: Weaken a single iPhone so that its contents can be viewed by the American government and you risk weakening all iPhones for any government intruder, anywhere.

苹果公司主张，它正在努力维护一项我们大多数沉迷于智能手机的人都能捍卫的原则：削弱一部iPhone以便美国政府能够查看其内容，那么你就有可能在任何地方为任何政府入侵者削弱所有iPhone。

The two professors hope to refute that idea, claiming that just as when kids walk themselves through a process, adults can benefit from using language not just to communicate, but also to help "augment thinking".

这两位教授希望反驳那个观点，声称就像孩子们自己完成一个过程时一样，成年人也能从使用语言中受益，不仅是用语言来交流，还能用它来帮助“增强思维”。

Unless renewables become cheap enough that substantial carbon deposits are left underground for a very long time, if not forever, the planet will likely be exposed to potentially catastrophic climate risks.

除非可再生能源变得足够便宜，以至于大量碳沉积被长时间留在地下（如果不是永远的话），否则地球很可能会面临潜在的灾难性气候风险。

These designers established the modern dress code, letting playsuits and other active wear outfits suffice for casual clothing, allowing pants to enter the wardrobe, and prizing rationalism and versatility in dress, in contradiction to dressing for an occasion or allotment of the day.

这些设计师确立了现代着装规范，让运动套装和其他运动服装足以作为休闲服装，允许裤子进入衣橱，并重视服装的理性主义和多功能性，与为特定场合或一天中的特定时段着装形成对比。

In England, where architecture was increasingly seen as an aristocratic pursuit, noblemen often applied what they learned from the villas of Palladio in the Veneto and the evocative(唤起回忆的) ruins of Rome to their own country houses and gardens.

在英国，建筑日益被视为一种贵族的追求，贵族们常常将他们从威尼托地区帕拉迪奥的别墅以及罗马那些唤起回忆的遗迹中学到的东西应用到他们自己的乡村住宅和花园上。

The reasoning behind this saying is that low oil prices discourage investment in new production capacity, eventually shifting the oil supply curve backward and bringing prices back up as existing oil fields—which can be tapped at relatively low marginal cost—are depleted.

这句俗语背后的推理是，低油价阻碍对新产能的投资，最终随着可以以相对较低边际成本开采的现有油田被耗尽，使石油供给曲线向后移动并使价格回升。

Notwithstanding important recent progress in developing renewable fuel sources, low fossil fuel prices could discourage further innovation in, and adoption of, cleaner energy technologies.

尽管在开发可再生燃料来源方面近期取得了重要进展，但低化石燃料价格可能会阻碍清洁能源技术的进一步创新和采用。

While alternative estimates of the damage from carbon emissions differ, and it's especially hard to reckon the likely costs of possible catastrophic climate events, most estimates suggest substantial negative effects.

虽然对碳排放造成的损害的其他估计各不相同，而且特别难以估算可能发生的灾难性气候事件的潜在成本，但大多数估计表明存在重大的负面影响。

We need very broad participation to fully address the global tragedy that results when countries fail to take into account the negative impact of their carbon emissions on the rest of the world.

我们需要非常广泛的参与以充分应对全球悲剧，当国家未能考虑到其碳排放对世界其他地区的负面影响时，这种悲剧就会发生。

As more journal and funders adopt data-sharing requirements, and as a growing number of enthusiasts call for more openness, junior researchers must find their place between adopters and those who continue to hold out, even as they strive to launch their own careers.

随着越来越多的期刊和资助者采用数据共享要求，并且随着越来越多的热心人士呼吁更大的开放性，初级研究人员必须在采用者和那些继续坚持不分享的人之间找到自己的位置，即使他们努力开创自己的职业生涯。

The British traveler Charles Thompson spoke for many Grand Tourists when in 1744 he described himself as "being impatiently desirous of viewing a country so famous in history, a country which once gave laws to the world, and which is at present the greatest school of music and painting, contains the noblest productions of sculpture and architecture, and is filled with cabinets of rarities, and collections of all kinds of historical relics".

英国旅行家查尔斯·汤普森在1744年代表许多“大旅行者”发言，当时他形容自己“急切地渴望游览一个历史上如此著名的国家，一个曾经向世界颁布法律、目前是音乐和绘画领域最伟大流派、包含最崇高雕塑和建筑作品、并且充满了珍品柜和各类历史文物收藏品的国家”。

The very act of acknowledging that they are African-American when given a test ignites in them thoughts of their own stereotype which is negative regarding academics and that makes them do worse.

在参加测试时承认自己是非裔美国人这一行为本身，会在他们心中激起关于自身的、在学术方面带有负面色彩的刻板印象的想法，而这会使他们表现得更差。

Writing in the journal, the scientists describe how the storks from Germany were clearly affected by the presence of waste sites, with four out of six birds that survived for at least five months overwintering on rubbish dumps in northern Morocco, instead of migrating to the Sahel.

在期刊中撰文时，科学家们描述了来自德国的鹳如何明显受到垃圾场存在的影响，在六只存活至少五个月的鸟中，有四只在摩洛哥北部的垃圾场越冬，而非迁徙至萨赫勒地区。

It is the means to intervene more wisely and more effectively in the real world to improve the well being not only of yourself, important as that may be, but of people around you and of other species with whom we share the planet.

它是在现实世界中更明智且更有效地进行干预以改善福祉的手段，不仅是你自己的福祉——尽管这可能很重要——还有你周围人的福祉以及与我们共享这个星球的其他物种的福祉。

It's become so iconic that attempts to change its taste in 1985—sweetening it in a move projected to boost sales—proved disastrous, with widespread anger from consumers.

它已经变得如此具有标志性，以至于1985年试图改变其口味——通过一项旨在促进销售的举措使其变甜——结果是灾难性的，消费者普遍感到愤怒。

After conducting extensive research in which he studied the festivals of many African groups of people, he decided that the new holiday should be a harvest or "first fruits" celebration, incorporating ideas from many different harvest traditions.

在进行了广泛的研究——在该研究中他研究了许多非洲人群体的节日——之后，他决定这个新节日应该是一个丰收或“初果”庆典，融入了来自许多不同丰收传统的想法。

With the rise of a new concept in urban planning that aims to make life easier and more convenient, however, increasing popularity for urban areas that caused the real estate pushes, in major cities like San Francisco or New York, has inspired a type of forward thinking urbanity and policy in smaller cities.

然而，随着旨在使生活更轻松、更便利的城市规划新概念的兴起，在旧金山或纽约等主要城市中，城市地区日益增长的受欢迎程度引发了房地产热潮，这激发了较小城市中一种前瞻性的城市规划理念和政策。

It's no wonder these companies employ teams of people focused on engineering their services to be as engaging as possible.

难怪这些公司雇佣专注于设计其服务以使其尽可能吸引人的团队人员。

One relatively simple fix, Mr. Zdziarski said, would be for Apple to modify future versions of the iPhone to require a user to enter a passcode before the phone will accept the sort of modified operating system that the FBI wants Apple to create.

兹迪亚尔斯基先生表示，一个相对简单的解决方案是，苹果公司修改未来版本的iPhone，要求用户输入密码，然后手机才会接受联邦调查局希望苹果公司创建的那种修改过的操作系统。

Furthermore, they say, it is the best way for researchers to gather the range of observations that are necessary to speed up discoveries or to identify large-scale trends.

此外，他们说，这是研究人员收集观察范围的最佳方式，而这些观察对于加速发现或识别大规模趋势是必要的。

The reason is that when carbon is priced, those emissions reductions that are least costly to implement will happen first.

原因是当碳被定价时，那些实施成本最低的减排将会首先发生。

Beginning in the late sixteenth century, it became fashionable for young aristocrats to visit Paris, Venice, Florence, and above all, Rome, as the culmination(终极) of their classical education.

从16世纪晚期开始，对于年轻贵族而言，访问巴黎、威尼斯、佛罗伦萨，尤其是罗马，成为其古典教育的终极。

"While these numbers are still being validated by the state, we feel any adjustments they might suggest will be immaterial," Morgan wrote to the presidents.

“虽然这些数字仍在由州政府验证，但我们认为他们可能提出的任何调整都将是无关紧要的，”摩根写信给各位校长。

A spirit of openness is gaining acceptance in the science community, and is the only way, say advocates, to address a 'crisis' in science whereby too few findings are successfully reproduced.

开放精神正在科学界获得认可，倡导者表示，这是解决科学领域“危机”的唯一途径，即只有极少数研究结果能被成功复现。

In such economies, individuals who possess the human capital characteristics that employers or clients value (e.g., competence and ambition) are expected to be in high demand and short supply on the job market.

在这样的经济体中，拥有雇主或客户所重视的人力资本特征（例如能力和雄心）的个人，预计在就业市场上会处于高需求和低供给的状态。

Despite being the continent's second-largest producer of tomatoes, Nigeria is dependent on $1 billion worth of tomato-paste imports every year, as around 75% of the local harvest goes to waste thanks to a lack of proper storage facilities.

尽管是非洲大陆第二大番茄生产国，尼日利亚每年仍依赖价值10亿美元的番茄酱进口，因为约75%的本地收成由于缺乏适当的储存设施而被浪费。

Because of their smaller size, most keep hours that allow people to enjoy themselves, then have some quiet after midnight, as opposed to large major cities like New York, where the buzz of activity is ongoing.

由于它们规模较小，大多数地方的营业时间允许人们尽情享受，然后在午夜后有一些安静的时间，这与像纽约这样的大型主要城市相反，在那里活动的喧嚣持续不断。

Several noted nutritionists and research projects have concluded that this diet is one of the most healthful in the world in terms of preventing such illnesses as heart disease and cancer, and increasing life expectancy.

几位著名的营养学家和研究项目已得出结论，该饮食在预防心脏病和癌症等疾病以及延长预期寿命方面是世界上最健康的饮食之一。

The action stems from a federal court order issued on Tuesday requiring Apple to help the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) to unlock an iPhone used by one of the two attackers who killed 14 people in San Bernardino, California, in December.

该行动源于周二发布的一项联邦法院命令，该命令要求苹果公司帮助联邦调查局（FBI）解锁一部iPhone，该iPhone由去年12月在加利福尼亚州圣贝纳迪诺杀害14人的两名袭击者之一使用。

When looking at how women are depicted, the study found female characters were four times more likely to be shown in sexy clothing and nearly four times as likely to be referred to as physically attractive.

在审视女性如何被描绘时，该研究发现，女性角色被展示为穿着性感服装的可能性是四倍多，而且被提及为身体上具有吸引力的可能性是近四倍。

Kate Ratliff, who studies social attitudes at the University of Florida, Gainesville, says that it can seem as if there are two camps in a field—those who care about open science and those who don't.

凯特·拉特利夫，一位在盖恩斯维尔的佛罗里达大学研究社会态度的学者，说这似乎就像在一个领域中有两个阵营——那些关心开放科学的人和那些不关心的人。

However, this is just the tip of the proverbial iceberg as smart buildings and even cities increasingly become the norm as leaders and business owners begin to wake up to the massive savings that technology can deliver through connected sensors and new forms of automation coupled with intelligent energy and facilities management.

然而，这仅仅是众所周知的冰山一角，因为智能建筑乃至城市正日益成为常态，原因是领导者和企业主开始意识到技术通过互联传感器、新型自动化形式以及智能能源和设施管理所能带来的巨大节约。

And to get at the contents of a single iPhone, the government says it needs a court order and Apple's help to write new code; in earlier versions of the iPhone, ones that were created before Apple found religion on(热衷于) privacy, the FBI might have been able to break into the device by itself.

并且为了获取一部iPhone的内容，政府表示它需要法院命令和苹果公司的帮助来编写新代码；在iPhone的早期版本中，即在苹果公司热衷于隐私之前创建的那些版本，联邦调查局本可以自行侵入该设备。

In order to make sure it doesn't control us, we should come to terms with the fact that it's more than the technology itself that's responsible for our habits.

为了确保它不会控制我们，我们应该接受这样一个事实，即对我们的习惯负责的不仅仅是技术本身。

Experts said that whether or not Apple loses this specific case, measures that it could put into place in the future will almost certainly be able to further limit the government's reach.

专家表示，无论苹果公司是否输掉这一特定案件，其未来可能实施的措施几乎肯定能够进一步限制政府的权限。

He says that more openness in science could help to discourage what some perceive as a common practice of shutting out early-career scientists' requests for data.

他说科学领域更多的开放性可能有助于阻止一些人所认为的将早期职业科学家的数据请求拒之门外的普遍做法。

Isaac Asimov evaded the whole notion of morality in devising his three laws of robotics, which hold that 1. Robots cannot harm humans or allow humans to come to harm; 2. Robots must obey humans, except where the order would conflict with law 1; and 3. Robots must act in self-preservation, unless doing so conflicts with laws 1 or 2.

艾萨克·阿西莫夫在设计他的机器人三定律时回避了整个道德概念，这些定律认为：1. 机器人不得伤害人类，也不得允许人类受到伤害；2. 机器人必须服从人类，除非该命令与定律1冲突；3. 机器人必须进行自我保护，除非这样做与定律1或2冲突。

And while the Portuguese took part in the trade, ferrying nuts down the coast along with other goods, by 1620, when English explorer Richard Jobson made his way up the Gambia, the nuts were still peculiar to his eyes.

并且尽管葡萄牙人参与了贸易，用船运送坚果沿着海岸以及其他货物，到1620年，当英国探险家理查德·乔布森沿着冈比亚河上行时，这些坚果在他看来仍然很奇特。

What the designers of the American sportswear proved was that fashion is a genuine design art, answering to the demanding needs of service.

美国运动装的设计师们所证明的是，时尚是一门真正的设计艺术，满足服务的苛刻需求。

After the high-pressure Countdown round at this year's national Math Counts competition, in which the top 12 students went head to head solving complex problems in rapid fire, the finalists for the Math Video Challenge took the stage to show their videos.

在今年全国数学竞赛的高压倒计时轮之后，其中排名前12的学生进行了快速连续解决复杂问题的正面交锋，数学视频挑战赛的决赛选手们登上舞台展示他们的视频。

Since there were few museums anywhere in Europe before the close of the eighteenth century, Grand Tourists often saw paintings and sculptures by gaining admission to private collections, and many were eager to acquire examples of Greco-Roman and Italian art for their own collections.

由于18世纪结束前欧洲各地几乎没有博物馆，大游学旅行者常常通过获得私人收藏的准入来观赏绘画和雕塑，并且许多人渴望为自己的收藏获取希腊罗马和意大利艺术的范例。