2021年英语六级真题长难句

Leo Tolstoy was even bolder: "The most difficult subjects can be explained to the most slow-witted man if he has not formed any idea of them already; but the simplest thing cannot be made clear to the most intelligent man if he is firmly persuaded that he knows already, without a shadow of a doubt, what is laid before him."

列夫·托尔斯泰甚至更大胆： “最困难的课题，如果一个人对它们还没有形成任何概念，也能向最迟钝的人解释清楚；但是，如果一个人已经坚信自己无丝毫疑问地知道呈现在他面前的是什么，那么最简单的事情也无法向最聪明的人解释清楚。”

The overselling, he also found, was more prevalent among neuroscience studies, three quarters of which mischaracterized a mere association between music training and skills enhancement as a cause-and-effect relationship.

他还发现，过度宣传在神经科学研究中更为普遍，其中四分之三的研究将音乐训练与技能提升之间仅有的关联错误地描述为因果关系。

As Neil Postman noted in his 1985 book Amusing Ourselves to Death, the rise of television introduced not just a new medium but a new discourse: a gradual shift from a typographic(印刷的) culture to a photographic one, which in turn meant a shift from rationality to emotions, exposition to entertainment.

正如尼尔·波兹曼在他1985年的著作《娱乐至死》中所指出的那样，电视的兴起不仅引入了一种新的媒介，而且引入了一种新的论述：一种从印刷文化到摄影文化的逐渐转变，这反过来意味着从理性到情感、从阐述到娱乐的转变。

I thought Kevin Simler put it well when he wrote, "If a brain anticipates that it will be rewarded for adopting a particular belief, it's perfectly happy to do so, and doesn't much care where the reward comes from—whether it's pragmatic(实用主义的) (better outcomes resulting from better decisions), social (better treatment from one's peers), or some mix of the two."

我认为凯文·西姆勒在他的著作中说得很好：“如果大脑预期它会因采纳特定信念而得到奖励，它会非常乐意这样做，并且不太在乎奖励来自哪里——无论是实用主义的（更好的决策带来更好的结果）、社交方面的（来自同伴的更好对待），还是两者的某种混合。”

It deterred luxury consumers who found their expensive clothing more closely associated with working-class youth culture than a prestigious heritage fashion house.

它阻止了那些发现自己昂贵的服装与工人阶级青年文化的联系比与一个享有声望的传统时尚品牌的联系更紧密的奢侈品消费者。

While there has been much outrage at the elitist connotation of burning goods rather than making them affordable, executives at the British fashion house are no doubt struggling to defend how they miscalculated production.

尽管对于烧毁商品而非使其价格亲民这一精英主义内涵存在诸多愤慨，但这家英国时装公司的高管们无疑正在努力为他们对产量的误判进行辩解。

While creating labels that play on consumer fears and misconceptions about their food may give a company a temporary marketing advantage over competing products on the grocery aisle, in the long term this strategy will have just the opposite effect: by injecting fear into the discourse about our food, we run the risk of eroding consumer trust in not just a single product, but the entire food business.

虽然创建利用消费者对其食物的恐惧和误解的标签可能会让一家公司在杂货店货架上的竞争产品中获得暂时的营销优势，但从长远来看，这种策略将产生恰恰相反的效果：通过在关于我们食物的讨论中注入恐惧，我们不仅面临着侵蚀消费者对单一产品的信任的风险，而且还面临着侵蚀他们对整个食品行业的信任的风险。

But it's a narrative often drowned out by the shame that marketers rely on to peddle us their diet pills, miracle face creams and breathable yoga pants—as if self-love is a purchasable commodity.

但这是一种常常被羞耻感淹没的叙述，营销人员依靠这种羞耻感向我们推销他们的减肥药、神奇面霜和透气瑜伽裤——仿佛自爱就是一种可购买的商品。

"Experience can rarely, unless guided by a theoretical concept, arrive at results of any great significance…on the other hand, an excessive trust in theoretical conviction would have prevented Marconi from persisting in experiments which were destined to bring about a revolution in the technique of radio-communications."

"经验很少能得出任何重大意义的结果，除非有理论概念的指导……另一方面，对理论信念的过度信任会阻止马可尼坚持进行那些注定会给无线电通信技术带来革命的实验。"

He was able to do this because of a combination of factors—most important, timing and opportunity—but the single-mindedness and determination with which he carried out his self-imposed mission was fundamentally character-based; millions of Marconi's contemporaries had the same class, gender, race, and colonial privilege as he, but only a handful did anything with it.

他能够做到这一点是因为多种因素的结合——最重要的是时机和机会——但他执行自己强加的使命时所表现出的专一和决心从根本上说是基于性格的；数百万马可尼的同时代人与他有着相同的阶级、性别、种族和殖民特权，但只有少数人利用了这些。

What the research revealed was the rather less surprising result: the educational benefits of selective schools largely disappear once pupils' inborn ability and socio-economic background were taken into account.

这项研究揭示的是一个相当不那么令人惊讶的结果：一旦考虑到学生的先天能力和社会经济背景，精英学校的教育优势在很大程度上就消失了。

As a result of that discrepancy between the privileges they feel they're owed and their inflated sense of self-worth, they don't work as hard for their employer.

由于他们觉得自己应得的特权与他们被夸大的自我价值感之间的那种差异，他们没有为雇主那么努力工作。

Recently, he decided to formally investigate just how often his fellow researchers in psychology and neuroscience make what he believes are erroneous—or at least premature—causal connections between music and intelligence.

最近，他决定正式调查他的心理学和神经科学领域的同行研究人员究竟多久做出一次他认为是错误的——或者至少是不成熟的——音乐和智力之间的因果联系。

The researchers conceded that the link found in the new study was not as strong when they factored in the effects of certain health behaviors, including exercise levels, sleep habits and diet.

研究人员承认，当他们将某些健康行为的影响因素考虑在内时，包括运动水平、睡眠习惯和饮食，新研究中发现的关联并不那么强。

Practice does change the brain, he allows, but what is questionable is the assertion that these changes affect other brain regions, such as those responsible for spatial reasoning or math problems.

他承认，练习确实会改变大脑，但有疑问的是这些变化会影响其他大脑区域的主张，例如那些负责空间推理或数学问题的区域。

In an online forum post, which asked if it's true that Louis Vuitton burned its bags, Ahmed Bouchfaa, who claimed to work for Louis Vuitton, responded that the brand holds sales of old stock for staff members twice a year.

在一个在线论坛帖子中，该帖子询问路易威登是否真的烧毁了其包包，Ahmed Bouchfaa，声称在路易威登工作的人，回应说该品牌每年为员工举办两次旧库存促销活动。

On the contrary, compelling tourists to make a financial contribution to the places they visit beyond their personal consumption should be part of a wider cultural shift.

相反，强迫游客在个人消费之外对他们游览的地方做出经济贡献应该成为更广泛的文化转变的一部分。

That last statement was the most instructive because, as the researchers found, there was a remarkably strong correlation between how helpful supervisors were perceived to be and how likely their employees were to follow their directives.

最后那个陈述是最有启发性的，因为正如研究人员所发现的那样，主管被认为的 helpful 程度与他们的员工遵循其指令的可能性之间存在着显著强烈的相关性。

However advanced the CGI technology is, the recreated image will differ in a way from the real actor.

无论计算机生成图像技术多么先进，重建的图像在某种程度上都会与真实演员有所不同。

Nevertheless, it is arts subjects through which creativity can most obviously be fostered.

然而，正是通过人文学科，创造力才能最明显地得到培养。

He borrowed technical details from many sources, but what set him apart was a self-confident vision of the power of communication technology on the one hand, and, on the other, of the steps that needed to be taken to consolidate his own position as a player in that field.

他从许多来源借鉴了技术细节，但使他与众不同的是，一方面是对通信技术力量的自信愿景，另一方面是为巩固自己在该领域作为参与者的地位所需采取的步骤。

There is a direct connection from Marconi to today's social media, search engines, and program streaming that can best be summed up by an admittedly provocative exclamation: the 20th century did not exist.

从马可尼到当今的社交媒体、搜索引擎和节目流媒体之间存在着一种直接联系，这种联系可以用一句公认具有挑衅性的感叹来最好地概括：20世纪并不存在。

In the same way, the idea that the resolution of age-associated disease like heart disease and stroke will inform us about ageing is not based on sound science or logic.

同样地，那种认为像心脏病和中风这类与年龄相关的疾病的解决将告诉我们关于衰老的信息的观点，不是基于可靠的科学或逻辑的。

Nicola Sturgeon's speech last Tuesday setting out the Scottish government's legislative programme for the year ahead confirmed what was already pretty clear.

尼古拉·斯特金上周二阐述苏格兰政府未来一年立法计划的演讲证实了已经相当清楚的事情。

The fire, which had started at the base of the 93-metre spire(尖塔) at about 6:40 pm on Monday, spread through the cathedral's roof, made up of hundreds of oak beams, some dating back to the 13th century.

这场火灾于周一晚上约6点40分从93米高的尖塔底部开始，蔓延穿过大教堂的屋顶，该屋顶由数百根橡木梁构成，其中一些可追溯至13世纪。

It's quite possible they're content with how the individuals they promoted are now performing, merrily ignorant of the damage they're actually causing, which might explain why, as the researchers conclude, those same middle managers are usually unaware that they are a bad manager.

他们很有可能对自己提拔的人现在的表现感到满意，愉快地忽视着他们实际造成的损害，这或许可以解释为什么正如研究人员所总结的那样，那些相同的中层管理者通常没有意识到自己是一个糟糕的管理者。

However, after a lifetime of moving within the circles of power, he was unable to break with authority, and served Mussolini faithfully (as president of Italy's national research council and royal academy, as well as a member of the Fascist Grand Council) until the day he died—conveniently—in 1937, shortly before he would have had to take a stand in the conflict that consumed a world that he had, in part, created.

然而，在权力圈子里周旋了一生之后，他无法与权威决裂，并且一直忠诚地为墨索里尼效力（担任意大利国家研究委员会主席和皇家学院院长，以及法西斯大委员会成员），直到他——凑巧地——于1937年去世的那一天，也就是在他不得不就那场吞噬了一个部分由他造就的世界的冲突表明立场前不久。

He was also a skilled and sophisticated organizer, an entrepreneurial innovator, who mastered the use of corporate strategy, media relations, government lobbying, international diplomacy, patents, and prosecution.

他也是一位熟练且老练的组织者、一位具有创业精神的创新者，他掌握了企业战略、媒体关系、政府游说、国际外交、专利以及诉讼的使用。

So when you deal with the problem of emotions, you should learn not only how to control them but also how to accept them and manage the guilt and anguish arising from them.

因此当你处理情绪问题时，你不仅应该学习如何控制它们，还应该学习如何接受它们以及管理由它们引起的内疚和痛苦。

Though many people are accustomed to wearing shoes during all their waking hours, the more time you spend wearing shoes, the more likely you are to incur foot injuries as a result.

尽管许多人习惯于在他们醒着的所有时间里穿鞋，但你花在穿鞋上的时间越多，你就越有可能因此遭受脚部伤害。

As proximity increases, so does understanding.

随着接近度增加，理解也是如此。

Chinese and American lawyers might be trained to interact based on the assumption that the Chinese person is less individualistic, even though their similar social economic situations make it probable they are actually quite alike in that regard.

中美律师可能被训练基于中国人不那么个人主义的假设进行互动，尽管他们相似的社会经济状况使得他们在这方面实际上很可能相当相似。

Food manufacturers are responding to the report with new labels to meet that demand, and they're doing so with an eye towards giving their products an advantage over the competition, and bolstering profits.

食品制造商正在用新标签回应这份报告以满足该需求，并且他们这样做是为了使其产品在竞争中获得优势，并提高利润。

Paradoxically, the parents of such children encourage this demanding behavior in the mistaken belief that by giving their children everything they can their children will be happy.

矛盾的是，这类孩子的父母鼓励这种苛求的行为，错误地认为通过给予他们的孩子力所能及的一切，他们的孩子会快乐。

If you think life is wonderful and expect it to stay that way, then you may have a good chance of living to a ripe old age, at least that is what the findings of a new study suggest.

如果你认为生活是美好的，并期望它保持那样，那么你可能有很大的机会活到高龄，至少这是一项新研究的发现所表明的。

Burberry's change of marketing strategy to make a product available as soon as consumers see it on the fashion show did not turn out to be as effective as expected.

博柏利的营销策略的改变，以使产品在消费者在时装秀上看到它后尽快变得可获得，结果并没有像预期的那样有效。

Sending products for recycling leaves them vulnerable to being stolen and sold on the black market.

将产品送去回收使它们容易被盗窃并在黑市上出售。

It is text that enables us to "uncover lies, confusions and overgeneralizations, and to detect abuses of logic and common sense. It also means to weigh ideas, to compare and contrast assertions, to connect one generalization to another."

正是文本使我们能够“揭露谎言、困惑和过度概括，并发现逻辑和常识的滥用。它也意味着权衡观点、比较和对比断言、将一个概括与另一个概括联系起来。”

But what is yet to be demonstrated is whether the founder's passion leads to increased team performance.

但是有待证明的是创始人的热情是否会导致团队绩效的提高。

While there's an undoubted genetic basis to individual difference, it is wrong to think that socially defined groups can be genetically accounted for.

虽然个体差异存在不容置疑的遗传基础，但认为社会定义的群体可以用遗传来解释是错误的。

Although procedures are designed to guide and support employees' work, employees, it seems, can't always be expected to comply with procedures that are not seen as useful.

尽管程序被设计用来指导和支持员工的工作，但似乎不能总是期望员工遵守那些不被视为有用的程序。

Still, it is to be hoped that the Scottish government's bold move will prompt others to act.

尽管如此，人们仍希望苏格兰政府的大胆举措能促使其他人采取行动。

He was the first person to imagine a practical application for the wireless spectrum, and to develop it successfully into a global communication system—in both terms of the word; that is, worldwide and all-inclusive.

他是第一个设想无线频谱实际应用，并成功将其发展成为全球通信系统的人——在这个词的两种意义上；也就是说，世界性的和包罗万象的。

The efforts of millions of drivers to get ahead do not miraculously produce a situation in which everyone does better than before, but one in which almost everyone does rather worse.

数百万司机为了领先而付出的努力并没有奇迹般地产生一种每个人都比以前做得更好的情况，而是一种几乎每个人都做得相当差的情况。

When children are regarded as vessels to be filled with facts, creativity does not prosper; nor does it when teachers' sole objective is coaching children towards exams.

当儿童被视为要用事实填满的容器时，创造力不会蓬勃发展；当教师的唯一目标是指导儿童应对考试时，创造力也不会蓬勃发展。

They were also asked to rate the extent to which they perceived their supervisors to be helpful.

他们还被要求评价他们认为他们的主管有帮助的程度。

Marconi was the first to develop and perfect this system, using the recently-discovered "air waves" that make up the electromagnetic spectrum.

马可尼是第一个开发并完善这个系统的人，使用了最近发现的构成电磁频谱的“空气波”。

The Harvard psychologist Steven Pinker put it this way, "People are embraced or condemned according to their beliefs, so one function of the mind may be to hold beliefs that bring the belief-holder the greatest number of allies, protectors, or disciples(信徒), rather than beliefs that are most likely to be true."

哈佛大学心理学家史蒂芬·平克这样说：“人们根据他们的信仰被接纳或谴责，因此大脑的一个功能可能是持有给信仰持有者带来最多盟友、保护者或信徒的信仰，而不是最有可能是真实的信仰。”

With me today is Meghan Brown, an environmental activist whose controversial new book Beyond Recycling is making headlines.

今天和我在一起的是梅根·布朗，一位环保活动家，她那本有争议的新书《超越回收》正在成为头条新闻。

M: Well, in this excerpt from your book, you argue that meat consumption and private transport are devastating the environment and that the best choices for the planet are vegetarian diets and public transport.

M：嗯，在你的书中的这段节选里，你主张肉类消费和私人交通正在破坏环境，并且对于地球来说最好的选择是素食饮食和公共交通。