2015年英语六级真题长难句

The stump speech, a political speech given by travelling politicians and lasting hours, which characterized nineteenth-century political discourse, has given way to the 30-second advertisement and the 10-second sound bite in broadcast news.

这种政治演说，一种由巡回政客发表并持续数小时的政治演讲，它是19世纪政治话语的特征，已经被30秒的广告和广播新闻中10秒的原声片段所取代。

And whether it is a farmer arriving from Italy to set up a small grocery store in a slum, or a young girl arriving from a small town in Mississippi to escape the indignity of being observed by her neighbors, or a boy arriving from the Corn Belt with a manuscript in his suitcase and a pain in his heart, it makes no difference: each embraces New York with the intense excitement of first love; each absorbs New York with the fresh eyes of an adventurer; each generates heat and light to dwarf the Consolidated Edison Company.

无论是一个从意大利来到贫民窟开一家小杂货店的农民，还是一个从密西西比州的小镇来到这里以逃避邻居注视的屈辱的年轻女孩，或是一个从玉米地带来到这里、行李箱里装着一份手稿且心中带着痛苦的男孩，这都没有区别：每个人都以初恋般的强烈兴奋拥抱纽约；每个人都以冒险家的新奇眼光吸收纽约；每个人都产生热量和光芒，使爱迪生联合电气公司相形见绌。

In a study analyzing data on thousands of Ohio State freshmen who lived in dorms, he found the black freshmen who came to college with high standardized test scores earned better grades if they had a white roommate even if the roommate's test scores were low.

在一项分析数千名俄亥俄州立大学住校新生数据的研究中，他发现那些带着高标准化考试分数进入大学的黑人新生，如果他们有一个白人室友，即使室友的考试分数很低，也能取得更好的成绩。

That is because the engineers, designers, regulators, operators, and all of the other skilled people needed for the new energy industry are specialists who have to be trained first (or retrained, if they are the ones being laid off in some related industry), and education, like any other complicated endeavor, takes time.

那是因为工程师、设计师、监管者、操作员以及新能源行业所需的所有其他熟练人员都是必须首先接受培训的专业人员（或者如果他们是在某些相关行业被解雇的人员，则需要重新培训），并且教育就像任何其他复杂的努力一样，需要时间。

The 2004 Commercial Space Launch Amendments Act, intended to encourage private space vehicles and services, prohibits the transportation secretary (and thereby the FAA) from regulating the design or operation of private spacecraft, unless they have resulted in a serious or fatal injury to crew or passengers.

2004年《商业航天发射修正案法案》，旨在鼓励私人航天器和服务，禁止交通部长（以及由此产生的联邦航空管理局）监管私人航天器的设计或运营，除非它们已对机组人员或乘客造成严重或致命伤害。

As Vaclav Smil points out, "All the forecasts, plans, and anticipations cited above have failed so miserably because their authors and promoters thought the transitions they hoped to implement would proceed unlike all previous energy transitions, and that their progress could be accelerated in an unprecedented manner."

正如瓦茨拉夫·斯米尔所指出的，“上述所有预测、计划和预期都失败得如此惨重，因为它们的作者和推动者认为，他们希望实施的转型将不同于以往所有的能源转型，并且其进展能够以前所未有的方式加速。”

Hall's findings suggest there's an argument to be made for electing to use "African American," though one can't help but get the sense that it's a decision that papers over the urgency of continued progress.

霍尔的研究结果表明，有理由选择使用“非裔美国人”这一说法，尽管人们不禁会感觉到这是一个掩盖持续进步紧迫性的决定。

Most notably, Jorma Ollila, who had led Nokia's transition from an industrial company to a technology giant, was too fascinated by the company's previous success to recognize the change that was needed to sustain its competitiveness.

最值得注意的是，曾带领诺基亚从工业公司转型为科技巨头的约玛·奥利拉，因过于沉迷公司以往的成功而未能认识到维持其竞争力所需的变革。

In particular, Arum and Roksa found, college students were not developing the critical thinking, analytic reasoning and other higher-level skills that are necessary to thrive in today's knowledge-based economy and to lead our nation in a time of complex challenges and dynamic change.

特别是，阿鲁姆和罗克萨发现，大学生没有发展批判性思维、分析推理和其他更高层次的技能，这些技能对于在当今知识型经济中茁壮成长以及在复杂挑战和动态变化的时代领导我们的国家是必要的。

"A sleeping pill will target one area of the brain, but there's never going to be a perfect sleeping pill, because you couldn't really replicate(复制) the different chemicals moving in and out of different parts of the brain to go through the different stages of sleep," says Dr. Nancy Collop, director of the Emory University Sleep Center.

"安眠药会作用于大脑的一个区域，但永远不会有完美的安眠药，因为你无法真正复制不同化学物质在大脑不同部位进进出出以经历不同睡眠阶段的过程，"埃默里大学睡眠中心主任南希·科洛普博士说。

This task is simultaneously ethical and political because it can be discharged only when each takes it upon herself or himself and only when it is accomplished together with others.

这项任务同时具有伦理和政治性质，因为只有当每个人自己承担它，并且只有当它与他人一起完成时，它才能被履行。

As vitamins became recognized as essential food constituents necessary for health, it became tempting to suggest that every disease and condition for which there had been no previous effective treatment might be responsive to vitamin therapy.

随着维生素被认为是健康所必需的基本食物成分，人们开始倾向于认为，每一种以前没有有效治疗方法的疾病和状况都可能对维生素疗法有反应。

While Wall Street executives used their expensive lawyers to ensure that their ranks were not held accountable for the misdeeds that the crisis in 2008 so graphically revealed, the banks abused our legal system to foreclose(取消赎回权) on mortgages and eject tenants, some of whom did not even owe money.

当华尔街高管们利用他们昂贵的律师来确保他们的阶层不会因2008年危机如此形象地揭露的不当行为而被追究责任时，银行滥用我们的法律体系来取消抵押贷款的赎回权并驱逐租户，其中一些租户甚至不欠钱。

A country that experienced shared growth after World WarⅡ began to tear apart, so much so that when the Great Recession hit in late 2007, one could no longer ignore the division that had come to define the American economic landscape.

一个在二战后经历了共享增长的国家开始分裂，以至于当2007年末大衰退来袭时，人们再也无法忽视已经开始定义美国经济格局的那种分裂。

The bankers, among the strongest advocates of laissez-faire(自由放任的) economics, were only too willing to accept hundreds of billions of dollars from the government in the aid programs that have been a recurring feature of the global economy since the beginning of the Thatcher-Reagan era of "free" markets and deregulation.

银行家们，作为自由放任经济学的最强烈倡导者之一，非常愿意从政府的援助计划中接受数千亿美元，这些援助计划自撒切尔-里根时代的“自由”市场和放松管制开始以来，一直是全球经济的一个反复出现的特征。

The first era began in the nineteenth century and extended into the early twentieth century when it was recognized for the first time that food contained components that were essential for human function and that different foods provided different amounts of these essential agents.

第一个时代开始于19世纪，并延续到20世纪初，当时人们首次认识到食物中含有对人体功能至关重要的成分，且不同食物提供不同数量的这些必需物质。

As is known in retrospect, vitamin and mineral therapies are much less effective when applied to health-crisis conditions than when applied to long-term problems of undernutrition that lead to chronic health problems.

正如回顾所知，维生素和矿物质疗法应用于健康危机状况时，其效果远不如应用于导致慢性健康问题的长期营养不良问题时。

The shift, little noticed outside the medical establishment but already controversial inside it, suggests that doctors are starting to redefine their roles, from being concerned exclusively about individual patients to exerting influence on how healthcare dollars are spent.

这一转变，在医疗机构之外鲜少被注意但在其内部已引发争议，表明医生们正开始重新定义自己的角色，从只关注个体患者转向对医疗资金如何使用施加影响。

Saying they can no longer ignore the rising price of health care, some of the most influential medical groups in the nation are recommending that doctors weigh the costs, not just the effectiveness of treatments, as they make decisions about patient care.

声称他们再也不能忽视医疗保健费用的上涨，美国一些最有影响力的医疗团体建议医生在做出有关病人护理的决定时，不仅要权衡治疗的有效性，还要权衡成本。

That helps explain why, as I'm First's Rubinoff indicated, the schools to which these students end up resorting can end up being some of the poorest matches for them.

这有助于解释为什么，正如“我是第一代”组织的鲁宾诺夫所指出的，这些学生最终求助的学校可能最终成为最不适合他们的学校之一。

By sanctioning this watered-down version of college, universities are "catering to the social and educational needs of wealthy students at the expense of others" who won't enjoy the financial backing or social connections of richer students once they graduate.

通过批准这种缩水版的大学教育，大学正在“以牺牲其他学生为代价，迎合富裕学生的社会和教育需求”，而这些其他学生毕业后将无法享受更富裕学生所拥有的经济支持和社会人脉。

That suggests that catch-up sleep may undo some but not all of the damage that sleep deprivation causes, which is encouraging given how many adults don't get the hours they need each night.

这表明补觉可能会消除部分而非全部睡眠剥夺造成的损害，考虑到有多少成年人每晚未能获得所需的睡眠时间，这一点是令人鼓舞的。

Nor is the global economy forgiving of an American workforce with increasingly weak literacy, math and science abilities.

全球经济也不会宽恕美国劳动力读写、数学和科学能力日益薄弱的情况。

"If we can help to direct students to more of these types of campuses and help students to understand them to be realistic and accessible places, have them apply to these schools at greater frequency and ultimately get in and enroll, we are going to raise the success rate," Rubinoff said, citing a variety of colleges ranging from large state institutions to smaller private schools.

"如果我们能够帮助引导学生进入更多这类校园，并帮助学生理解这些校园是现实且可进入的地方，让他们更频繁地申请这些学校并最终入学注册，我们将会提高成功率，"鲁宾诺夫说，他提到了从大型州立机构到小型私立学校等各种学院。

With almost a quarter of American children younger than 5 living in poverty, and with America doing so little for its poor, the deprivations of one generation are being visited upon the next.

由于几乎四分之一的5岁以下美国儿童生活在贫困中，且美国为其贫困人口所做甚少，一代人的匮乏正被施加给下一代。

So great is the influence of online ratings that many companies now hire digital reputation managers to ensure a favorable online identity.

在线评分的影响是如此之大，以至于许多公司现在雇佣数字声誉经理来确保良好的在线身份。

GM crops can and almost certainly will be part of that suite of tools, but so will traditional plant breeding, improved soil and crop management—and perhaps most important of all, better storage and transport infrastructure(基础设施), especially in the developing world.

转基因作物能够并且几乎肯定将成为那套工具的一部分，但传统植物育种、改良的土壤和作物管理——以及或许最重要的是，更好的仓储和运输基础设施，特别是在发展中国家，也将如此。

Should such imbalances continue, pessimists say, they could contribute to slower growth.

悲观主义者称，如果这种失衡持续下去，它们可能会导致更缓慢的增长。

Tens of thousands of rural women, paid according to the amount they produced, fabricated the uppers of shoes, which were bound to the soles by skilled shoemakers in dozens of Massachusetts towns, whereas previously skilled shoemakers would have made the entire shoe.

成千上万的农村妇女，根据她们的产量获得报酬，制作鞋帮，这些鞋帮由马萨诸塞州数十个城镇的熟练鞋匠装订到鞋底上，而以前熟练的鞋匠会制作整双鞋。

But if it was known that "Black" people were viewed differently from "African Americans," researchers, until now, hadn't identified what that gap in perception was derived from.

但是，如果知道“黑人”被看待的方式与“非裔美国人”不同，那么直到现在，研究人员都还未能确定这种认知差异源于何处。

And there is more to the story, because not only are the devices that house incandescent bulbs shaped to their underlying characteristics, but rooms and entire buildings have been designed in accordance with how incandescent lighting reflects off walls and windows.

而且这个故事还有更多内容，因为不仅容纳白炽灯泡的设备是根据其基本特性来塑造的，而且房间和整个建筑物都是按照白炽灯光如何从墙壁和窗户反射来设计的。

We found that when we taught participants to ask "What if?" and "How can?" questions that nobody present would know the answer to and that would spark exploration, they engaged in better inquiry at the next exhibit—asking more questions, performing more experiments and making better interpretations of their results.

我们发现，当我们教参与者提出“如果怎样？”和“如何能够？”这类在场无人知道答案且会激发探索的问题时，他们在接下来的展览中会进行更好的探究——提出更多问题、进行更多实验并对自己的结果做出更好的解释。

It's a product he believes could help solve future global food crises resulting from shrinking amounts of land available for growing meat the old-fashioned way.

这是一种他认为有助于解决未来全球粮食危机的产品，这种危机源于以传统方式养殖肉类可用的土地数量不断减少。

It was this lack of information that prompted the launch of I'm First in 2013, originally as an arm of its umbrella organization, the Center For Student Opportunity.

正是这种信息的缺乏促使了“I'm First”在2013年的启动，最初作为其伞式组织学生机会中心的一个分支。

A recent study, conducted by Emory University's Erika Hall, found that "Black" people are viewed more negatively than "African Americans" because of a perceived difference in socioeconomic status.

埃默里大学的埃里卡·霍尔进行的一项近期研究发现，“黑人”比“非洲裔美国人”被看待得更负面，因为在社会经济地位方面存在一种被感知的差异。

Dr. Fazio's Indiana study found that three times as many randomly assigned interracial roommates were no longer living together at the end of the semester, compared with white roommates.

Fazio博士的印第安纳研究发现，与白人室友相比，随机分配的跨种族室友在学期结束时不再住在一起的人数是白人室友的三倍。

When you hear people speaking of making a rapid transition toward any type of energy, whether it is a switch from coal to nuclear power, or a switch from gasoline-powered cars to electric cars, or even a switch from an incandescent to a fluorescent light, understanding energy system inertia and momentum can help you decide whether their plans are feasible.

当你听到人们谈论向任何一种能源快速转型时，无论是从煤炭到核能的转换，还是从汽油动力汽车到电动汽车的转换，甚至是白炽灯到荧光灯的转换，理解能源系统的惯性和动量可以帮助你决定他们的计划是否可行。

Paraphrasing what the other person has said to make sure we have understood correctly and refraining from offering advice unless asked to do so are two more ways to listen effectively.

释义对方所说的话以确保我们已正确理解，以及除非被要求否则克制提供建议，是另外两种有效倾听的方法。

Hospitality businesses are now ranked, analyzed, and compared not by industry professionals, but by the very people for whom the service is intended—the customer.

酒店行业企业现在不是由行业专业人士而是由服务的目标人群——顾客来进行排名、分析和比较。

It is this third city that accounts for New York's high-strung disposition, its dedication to the arts, and its incomparable achievements.

正是这第三座城市解释了纽约高度紧张的性格、它对艺术的专注以及它无与伦比的成就。

Inequality is not just about the top marginal tax rate but also about our children's access to food and the right to justice for all.

不平等不仅仅与最高边际税率有关，而且还与我们儿童获得食物的机会以及所有人获得正义的权利有关。

The impressive gain in output stemmed primarily from the change of the way in which workers made goods.

产出方面令人印象深刻的增长主要源于工人们制造商品的方式的改变。

If we spent more on education, health and infrastructure(基础设施), we would strengthen our economy, now and in the future.

如果我们在教育、医疗和基础设施上花费更多，我们将加强我们的经济，现在和未来。

But why is America one of the advanced countries where the life prospects of the young are most sharply determined by the income and education of their parents?

但是为什么美国是那些年轻人的生活前景最强烈地由其父母的收入和教育决定的发达国家之一？

Although many have tried, it does seem improbable that the painting's unique status can be attributed entirely to the quality of its brushstrokes.

尽管许多人都尝试过，但这幅画的独特地位完全归因于其笔触质量，这似乎确实不太可能。

It is true of critics as well as ordinary people that the popularity of artistic works is closely associated with publicity.

评论家以及普通人也是如此，艺术作品的受欢迎程度与宣传密切相关。

It was only in the 20th century that Leonardo's portrait of his patron's wife rocketed to the number-one spot.

直到20世纪，列奥纳多为其赞助人妻子所画的肖像才飙升至第一名的位置。

The lesson taught by plants is that sharing life expands and enhances the sphere of the living, while dividing life into so-called natural or human resources diminishes it.

植物所教的教训是，分享生命会扩大并增强生命的范围，而将生命划分为所谓的自然或人类资源则会减少它。

The centre of film-making had moved westwards, to Hollywood, and it was films from these new Hollywood studios that flooded onto the world's film markets in the years after the First World War, and have done so ever since.

电影制作中心已经向西迁移，迁至好莱坞，并且正是来自这些新的好莱坞制片厂的电影在第一次世界大战后的几年里涌入了世界电影市场，并且从那以后一直如此。

One is that whether we have 60 or 600 years of fossil fuels left, we have to find other fuel sources eventually.

一个是无论我们还剩下60年还是600年的化石燃料，我们最终都必须找到其他燃料来源。