2021年6月·第2套 英语六级听力真题原文与答案解析

How does the woman describe her previous company's culture?

被问者亲口的定性词。女士在谈她前公司时，自己直接说出 it creates a toxic culture，“toxic”就是她对那种文化的定性，是被问一方的直接评价，正是答案句的信号。

• it creates a toxic culture↔Toxic.原句形容词直接成选项

• B)原词陷阱录音确实念了 in the name of efficiency，efficient 听着耳熟极易勾选；但那是说前公司“打着效率的旗号”给苛刻反馈，是手段不是女士对文化的评价，属典型原词陷阱。

  借用原文：in the name of efficiency

• C)张冠李戴Tolerant（宽容）更接近男士公司“accommodating and kind”那种“迁就”的描述，张冠李戴到女士的前公司头上了；女士前公司的特点是“直接”，不是宽容。

  借用原文：accommodating and kind

• A)未提及Weird（古怪）在录音里没有任何对应，女士对前公司的评价是“toxic”而非“古怪”，属无中生有。

What does the man say about his company's managers?

男士直接陈述自家管理者。男士主语直接是 My company's managers tend to be accommodating，紧扣题问的“他公司的管理者”，是说话人对该对象的直接陈述句，定位明确。

• accommodating and kind↔They are accommodating.原文形容词直接入选项

• B)偷换概念ignorant（无知）与录音里多次出现的 "overlooking/ignored”（忽略）读音、含义都沾边，听到 overlooking mistakes 极易误推成“无知”；但男士说的是管理者“故意忽略问题”，不是“无知”，是音/义双重误导。

  借用原文：overlooking mistakes or issues

• A)与原文相反Arrogant（傲慢）与男士说的“accommodating and kind”（随和和善）完全相反，男士对自家管理者并无负面评价，选它等于把意思听反了。

  借用原文：accommodating and kind

• C)未提及Ambitious（有野心/有抱负）在男士谈管理者的话里没有任何对应，男士说的是“随和、怕伤感情”，与“野心”无关，属无中生有。

What does the woman say the employees in her new company can do?

授权表达 have the power to。Employees have the power to speak up 用“have the power to”明确点出员工“有权做某事”，正是“can do”题要找的授权信号，后面罗列的动作即答案来源。

• speak up, give feedback, disagree↔They can air their views.概括同义改写

• D)未提及flexible hours（弹性工时）听着像职场福利、很诱人，但录音通篇讲的是“反馈/发声”，从没提工作时间，属凭印象脑补的无中生有。
• C)过度推断break conventions（打破常规）比原文的“disagree/speak up”拔得过高，员工只是“能表异议、讨论问题”，并没有说他们“打破常规”，是过度推断。

  借用原文：disagree and discuss problems

• A)未提及think big（有大格局/想大事）原文没有对应，员工被赋予的是“发声、给反馈”的权利，与“想得大”无关，属无中生有兼拔高。

What does the man say about constructive feedback?

结论口吻 after all + is how we。Constructive feedback, after all, is how we learn and grow 用 after all 引出总结、is how we 给出定性结论，是男士对反馈作用下的核心论断，正是“It can…”题要找的结论句。

• is how we learn and grow↔It enables people to learn and grow.句式转换同义

• A)张冠李戴录音里 mindset 确实被念到——但那是女士说的 people need to shift their mindsets（人要转变接受反馈的心态），不是男士说“反馈能改变心态”；既不是男士说的，作用对象也不同，属张冠李戴式原词陷阱。

  借用原文：people need to shift their mindsets

• D)未提及critical thinking（批判性思维）原文从未出现，男士说的是“学习与成长”，硬扯到“批判性思维”是无中生有兼概念拔高。
• B)未提及new discoveries（新发现）录音里没有任何对应，男士谈的是反馈对“育儿、友谊、职业发展”的益处，与“新发现”无关，属未提及。

What does the man say about his holiday?

转折 But + 对比 Instead of。答案句的信号是双重的：先有转折 But I found myself moving from one accommodation to another，把"假期"的真实状态从"轻松"拽向"折腾"；再有对比 Instead of relaxing, I was looking for the best spot，明说"不是放松、而是在找最好的"——转折与"Instead of A, B"句式叠加处，正是他对假期的真正定调。

• trying to find the perfect place↔looking for the best place to stayperfect=best，place 同指住处
• moving from one accommodation to another↔He kept looking反复搬=持续地找(kept)

• C)与原文相反C 的 He had a great time sightseeing and relaxing. 偷了录音里的原词 relaxing 来勾你选，可原文是 Instead of relaxing, I was looking for the best spot——relaxing 前面正挂着 Instead of（不是…而是），意思恰恰是"没在放松"。听到 relaxing 就选，正好掉进"原词被否定"的坑。

  借用原文：Instead of relaxing, I was looking for the best spot

• B)原词陷阱B 的 He met many tourists from other countries. 听上去呼应开头那句 Not too many other tourists around, were there? 里的 tourists，但原文男士回答的是 No, very few relatively（游客很少），并未说"遇到很多别国游客"；这是借 tourists 一词做的答非所问。

  借用原文：No, very few relatively

• D)未提及D 的 He managed to visit a different city each day. 描绘"每天去不同城市"，但男士全程只谈"换住处找最好的"（accommodation / best spot），从没提过"每天换城市"。它用"不停移动"的画面感来诱你联想，实属未提及。

What does the woman say people tend to do when making decisions?

tendency to + 总结词 Essentially。答案信号是"总结+点天性"：Essentially（本质上）领出结论，紧跟 we have this tendency to keep stretching out the decision-making process 直接点出"人有拖长决策过程的倾向"，tendency 正对题干 tend to；后半 because…hard-wired to optimize 补出"为什么"，整句就是"人们做决定时倾向做什么"的标准答案句。

• keep stretching out the decision-making process↔Stretch out the process近乎同形，只略作删减
• hard-wired to optimize↔in search of the optimaloptimize 与 optimal 同根，动词转名词

• A)未提及A 的 Prioritize what is essential to their best advantage. 用 best advantage 蹭整段反复出现的 best/optimize 之感，但原文说的是"人会拖长过程"，不是"优先抓要紧事"；prioritize（优先排序）这层意思原文从未提及，是借相近语感造的干扰。
• C)偷换概念C 的 Deliberate the consequences that may occur.（仔细考虑可能的后果）听着也像"决策时的做法"，但原文 hard-wired to optimize 讲的是"追求最优"，根本没提"权衡后果"，consequences 是凭空添的概念。

  借用原文：hard-wired to optimize

• D)未提及D 的 Take all relevant factors into consideration. 是个放哪都对的万能说法，但原文女士说的是"人倾向拖长过程"，并未说"人会把所有相关因素都纳入考虑"；它靠"听起来很对"诱选，实为未提及。

What has made decision making increasingly difficult?

因果信号 thanks to。答案信号是因果短语 thanks to technology——thanks to（多亏、由于）直接引出原因 technology，其后 we can make comparisons more easily and have more access to choice and customization 说明科技带来"选择更多、更难定"的后果，正是"什么让决策变难"的答案句。

• thanks to technology↔Modern technologytechnology 加修饰 Modern，同指一物
• have more access to choice and customization↔Modern technology"选择变多"是科技致难的内在理由

• A)未提及A 的 Time pressure. 是"做事难"时最顺常识的猜想，但录音从头到尾没把"时间压力"列为决策变难的原因，反倒第 7 段女士主张"要投入时间去研究"；Time pressure 纯属凭常识脑补，未提及。
• B)未提及B 的 Tight budget. 把成因引向"钱不够"，但全程谈的是"选择太多、反复纠结"，从没提过预算或花钱，属凭空添加的原因，未提及。
• D)未提及D 的 Fierce competition. 同属"现代社会通病"类词、听感和 Modern technology 一样"像那么回事"，但录音从未把 competition 当成决策变难的原因，是借相近气质设的干扰，未提及。

According to the woman, what should people do when making important decisions?

建议句 What you need to do + 最高级 most toxic。答案信号有两处：What you need to do is research 是直接的建议句（你需要做的是…），亮出女士的主张；而真正对上 B 的是最高级评价 The most toxic part of decision making is going over the same options time and time again——most toxic（最有害）点明"反复纠结同一批选项"是最该避免的，反推出"应避免反复纠结"这一建议。

• The most toxic part of decision making is going over the same options time and time again↔Avoid going over the same options repeatedly"最有害"=应避免，肯否定转换

• A)原词陷阱A 的 Research as many different options as possible. 偷用了原文 What you need to do is research 的 research 来诱选，但女士的 research 强调的是"有流程、投入时间、并 eliminate 排除掉尽量多的选项"，而非 as many…as possible（尽可能多地研究选项）；A 把"排除"说反成"尽量多留"，且没体现题问的"重要决定"落点，属盗原词的答非所问。

  借用原文：eliminate as many things as you can

• C)原词陷阱C 的 Focus on what is practical. 用了原文出现的 practical，但原文是 When you have 30 odd options, trusting your gut is not practical——practical 是用来说"凭直觉不实际"的，并非建议"专注于实际的事"；选项截走 practical 一词另造主张，属原词被挪用。

  借用原文：trusting your gut is not practical

• D)与原文相反D 的 Trust their gut instinct. 直接搬来原文的 gut，但女士明说 gut instinct might be overrated、trusting your gut is not practical——直觉被高估、不实际，是被否定的做法。听到 gut instinct 就选，正中"先抬后否"的陷阱。

  借用原文：gut instinct might be overrated

What did the 2006 research find about homework?

转折 but 之后才是落点。本句靠转折信号 but not so much for younger kids 定位：but 之前讲初高中生有关联是铺垫，but 之后对低龄孩子的"没那么有用"才是该研究真正要强调的发现，也正是答案所在。

• not so much for younger kids↔not of much help to younger childrennot so much 同义改写为 not of much help

• A)原词陷阱poor as well as rich communities 里的 communities 是录音第 2 段 affluent communities 才出现的词，与 2006 研究无关；本题问的是 2006 研究，A 把别处的词搬来凑，且"贫富通吃"在原文也无依据。

  借用原文：California's affluent communities

• B)原词陷阱conducive to children's future development 借用了答案句前半 future academic achievement 的 future 一词，但那半句讲的是初高中生才有关联、是被 but 推翻的铺垫，B 误把铺垫当成总结论且笼统说成对所有 children 有益，与原文按年龄分层的发现不符。

  借用原文：future academic achievement for middle and high school students

• C)未提及welcome to parents but not to children 谈的是家长欢迎、孩子不欢迎的态度，录音第 1 段只提到 Many parents and teachers are ardent supporters，从没说孩子的好恶，更没说 2006 研究有此发现，属凭空添加。

What do experts think of homework requiring internet access?

专家断言句 + isn't fair 评价词。定位靠两处信号：一是 Experts assert 直接对应题干问的"专家看法"，二是评价词 put students at a disadvantage 与 isn't fair 给出明确负面定性，正是态度题要抓的落点。

• can put students at a disadvantage↔put some students in remote areas at a disadvantage几乎同形的劣势表述对应
• isn't fair↔at a disadvantage不公平=处于劣势，负面同向

• B)原词陷阱ready access to their teachers 借了录音反复出现的 access 一词（internet access），却换成"多数学生能便捷接触老师"，原文谈的是网络接入而非接触老师，且强调的是大量人没有网络，B 既偷换概念又把困难说成便利。

  借用原文：lack of internet access

• C)与原文相反improves the learning quality of students in rural areas 借用 remote areas 同义的 rural areas 谈农村学生，却说"提升学习质量"，与专家 isn't fair、at a disadvantage 的负面定性完全相反，是典型的正话反说。

  借用原文：can put students at a disadvantage

• D)与原文相反bridge the learning gap between kids of different backgrounds 听起来很正面，但原文讲的是联网作业反而让缺网的偏远学生更吃亏、加大而非弥合差距，方向相反，且"弥合差距"原文从未表达。

  借用原文：put students at a disadvantage

What conclusion could be drawn from the study in Germany?

研究标志词 in Germany + suggesting 引出结论。定位靠 A study in Germany found that 对应题干所问研究，再靠 suggesting that 引出该研究的结论；结论核心是 an effect on students' personalities，即作业影响性格。

• an effect on students' personalities↔exerts a positive effect on kids' personality developmenthave an effect=exerts an effect，personalities=personality
• more conscientious and independent learners↔a positive effect变得更尽责独立=正面影响

• A)原词陷阱Diligent students tend to do their homework independently. 借了录音的 independent 一词，但原文说的是"做作业使孩子变独立"，A 反过来说"勤奋学生倾向独立做作业"，把因果方向掉了头，原文并无此说。

  借用原文：independent learners

• B)未提及The focus of homework should always be on school subjects. 含绝对词 always，谈的是作业内容该聚焦学科，而德国研究讲的是作业对性格的影响，根本没讨论作业内容该放在哪，属未提及加绝对化。
• D)张冠李戴The benefits of doing homework vary widely from individual to individual. 听起来稳妥，但德国研究的结论是统一指向"影响性格"，并未说作业益处因人而异；"因个体差异"更接近第 1、2 段按年龄/社区分层的内容，被错安到德国研究头上。

  借用原文：not so much for younger kids

What do we learn about Goddard's idea of using rockets for space exploration?

专有名词+负面动词定位。答案句的信号是专有名词 The New York Times 加一个鲜明的负面动词 ridiculed（嘲笑）。听到《纽约时报》这个被原样念出的机构名，再抓住紧跟的那个评价动词 ridiculed，这一句就是讲世人怎么看待他设想的答案句。

• The New York Times ridiculed Goddard's theory↔It was ridiculed by the New York Times主动改被动、对象不变

• A)张冠李戴录音里道歉的是《纽约时报》后来 published an apology to Goddard（向戈达德道歉），而 It was something he apologized for later 说成是戈达德自己为这设想道歉，主体被调换，正话说反。

  借用原文：the famed newspaper published an apology to Goddard

• C)原词陷阱录音说 Forty-nine years later, Apollo 11 reached the Moon——49年指的是从被嘲笑到登月之间隔的年数，而 It was a forty-nine-year plan 硬把 49 说成一个49年的计划，盗用数字 49 却扭曲了它的含义。

  借用原文：Forty-nine years later, Apollo 11 reached the Moon

• D)原词陷阱录音说 Like many visionaries（像许多有远见者一样），visionary 是形容戈达德这类人，且紧接着讲他遭遇质疑者；It was considered visionary 把 visionary 安到这个设想头上、说它当年被视为有远见，与录音随后描述的被嘲笑境遇相反。

  借用原文：Like many visionaries, the young scientist encountered numerous skeptics

What does the passage say about Goddard's first rocket voyage?

转折 Nonetheless 后才是定性。前两句净说短处（a mere 3 seconds、only 12 meters），真正给这次首飞定性的，是转折词 Nonetheless 之后那句——milestone（里程碑）。听力里 but / nonetheless 之后才是落点，前半多是铺垫与干扰。

• it was a milestone in rocket science↔It was of great significance to rocket science里程碑=意义重大的同义替换

• B)张冠李戴录音明说首飞在 his native Massachusetts（家乡马萨诸塞），而 completed in the state of New Mexico 把地点换成新墨西哥——新墨西哥是他后来搬去的地方（第4段），与首飞不是一回事，地点张冠李戴。

  借用原文：Goddard launched his first rocket from an aunt's farm in his native Massachusetts

• C)原词陷阱录音里 12 来自 an altitude of only 12 meters（高度仅12米），delayed about 12 minutes 盗用数字 12，却把它从米偷换成延迟的分钟，单位和含义全变了。

  借用原文：It scaled an altitude of only 12 meters

• D)与原文相反录音对首飞的定性是 it was a milestone（里程碑，成功），并未说失败，全段也没提天气；failed due to a sudden change of weather 既反了结果、又凭空加了天气原因。

  借用原文：Nonetheless, it was a milestone in rocket science

Why did Goddard move to New Mexico?

determined that 引出判断即原因。答案信号是 determined that the climate…was ideal for year-round rocket launches——determined that 引出他做出的判断，这个判断（气候适合全年发射）正是促使他搬家的原因。听到这种表态度/判断的句子，原因就在其中。

• the climate of New Mexico was ideal for year-round rocket launches↔Its climate was ideal for year-round rocket launching近乎原句的轻微改写

• A)答非所问录音里 There he established a laboratory and test range（在那儿他建立了实验室和试验场）发生在搬过去之后，是结果不是原因；A laboratory and test range was already set up there 还加了 already（早已建好），与原文先搬后建的顺序相反。

  借用原文：There he established a laboratory and test range

• C)过度推断录音是 consulted with a weather expert（他咨询了气象专家）以获取气候判断，而 A weather expert invited him to go there 把气象专家说成是邀请他去的人，凭空捏造了邀请这一动作。

  借用原文：Goddard later consulted with a weather expert

• D)原词陷阱录音说他搬 to a remote valley in the southwest（搬到西南部一处偏僻山谷），remote valley 只是描述落脚地，并未说山谷吸引了他全家；Its remote valleys were appealing to him and his family 把地点描述硬说成搬家的吸引原因，且 appealing 系原文所无。

  借用原文：Goddard and his family relocated there, to a remote valley in the southwest of the country

What does the passage say about Goddard's achievements?

被原样念出的数字硬指标。答案句的信号是一个被原样念出的可量化硬指标 granted over 200 patents（被授予200多项专利）。成就题里，这种数字+专有概念的句子最实、最难造假，听到 over 200 patents 立刻锁定它就是成就答案句。

• He was granted over 200 patents↔He was granted over 200 patents in rocket technology近原句、补限定语

• A)与原文相反录音说 received negligible support from the government（几乎没得到政府支持），与得奖恰相反；He won an award from the US government 盗用 government 一词，却把没获政府支持反说成获政府颁奖。

  借用原文：the ambitious scientist received negligible support from the government

• B)未提及录音只提资助他的富商和其他火箭爱好者（Other rocket enthusiasts also raised funds for him），从未说他获得全球火箭科学家的认可；gained recognition from rocket scientists worldwide 是原文未提及的内容。
• D)与原文相反录音说 was never able to interest the US military in rocket-propelled weapons（始终未能让美国军方对火箭动力武器感兴趣），与增强军力相反；He boosted the military strength 盗用 military，却把军方不感兴趣反说成他增强了军力。

  借用原文：Goddard was never able to interest the US military in rocket-propelled weapons

What does the speaker say about working for a new venture?

开篇定性句＋列举佐证。录音第一句就直接定性 comes with a lot of risks，随后用 instability, unclear responsibilities 列举来佐证「风险」，开篇主题句正是答案落点。

• comes with a lot of risks↔It can be rather risky.名词转形容词同义

• A)原词陷阱录音确实多次提到创业者，结尾还有 the entrepreneur，但全文从没说「为新公司工作需要创业经验」；选项 It requires entrepreneurial experience. 盗用 entrepreneurial 这个高频原词，凑成一个录音没说的「前提条件」，听到熟词就选会中招。

  借用原文：the entrepreneur

• B)偷换概念录音对「为新公司工作」先定性为有风险、不稳定，谈到好处时说的是 the passion and excitement（激情与兴奋），而非金钱回报；It is usually financially rewarding. 把「精神回报」偷换成「经济回报」，方向相反。

  借用原文：the passion and excitement

• C)未提及录音列举的负面是 instability, unclear responsibilities（客观处境），从没说工作「令人沮丧 frustrating」；It can be quite frustrating. 句式与正确项 D 几乎一样，靠「看起来也是负面」来骗选，但录音里并无 frustrating 之意。

What has science demonstrated regarding the positive culture of a new venture?

Science proving 后 These include 引出清单。信号词 Science has already done a good job of proving 正对题干的 science demonstrated，随后 These include 引出一串结果，答案就藏在这个并列清单里。

• reduced conflict↔It reduces conflict among team members.过去分词转动词并补主语

• A)张冠李戴录音谈业务发展／增长是在后文讲第三阶段 developing the firm so it continues to grow 时，且那是「激情与业绩」的研究，不属本段「科学已证明的文化结果」清单；It contributes to rapid business expansion. 张冠李戴，把别处内容塞进本题。

  借用原文：developing the firm so it continues to grow

• B)原词陷阱录音第二段说创始人的冒险精神 may inspire others to be more courageous，并无「愿意做出牺牲」被科学证明；It inspires willingness to make sacrifices. 借用了 inspire 这个原词和创业语境的「牺牲」印象，但科学证明清单里没有这一条。

  借用原文：The willingness to take risks may inspire others to be more courageous.

• D)未提及It encourages creation and innovation. 是创业话题最顺耳的套话，但录音 Science 证明的清单是 better processes, greater team cohesion, reduced conflict and sharper alertness，根本没有 creation／innovation；属凭印象脑补的未提及项。

What does the speaker say about entrepreneurs at the initial stage of a new venture?

时间词 initially 对上题干 initial stage。录音 not paying themselves a wage at all initially 里的 initially 与题干的 initial stage 精确对应，加上 On many occasions（很多情况下）呼应选项的 often，是定位锚点。

• not paying themselves a wage at all initially↔They often work without any pay.不开工资即没有报酬地工作
• On many occasions↔They often work without any pay.频率词同义

• A)未提及录音谈创业者初期是「不给自己开工资以保员工薪水」，是务实的牺牲，全文没说他们「期望不切实际」；They have unrealistic expectations. 是凭「创业者爱做梦」的刻板印象脑补，录音无据。
• C)偷换概念录音第七段确实讲到出钱的难处——paying them big dollars to attract them（高薪招人），但说的是创业者难以负担薪资，不是「找不到投资人」；Few can find willing investors. 借创业话题里的 investors 印象，把对象从「招员工／发工资」偷偷换成「找投资人」。

  借用原文：paying them big dollars to attract them

• D)未提及Many are idealistic dreamers. 给创业者贴「理想主义梦想家」的标签，录音通篇讲的是创始人的 energy and enthusiasm（热情干劲）和务实牺牲，从没说他们是「空想家」；属凭印象脑补的未提及评价。

  借用原文：There's something about the founder's energy and enthusiasm that infects the rest of the team.

What do we learn about the possible reason why women tend to live longer?

原因解释信号 the reason…the speculation centers around the idea。这句用 the speculation centers around the idea that（推测围绕这一想法）明确引出原因的内容，是典型的原因解释信号；女性更长寿的解释就落在这个 that 从句里。

• more capable of surviving or handling disease↔better able to survive or handle diseasemore capable of = better able to，近义同构改写

• A)未提及better dietary habits 是生活常识里「女性更长寿」的联想，但录音通篇没说饮食，属凭常识硬填的诱饵。
• B)未提及They bear fewer social responsibilities. 录音里没有任何关于承担社会责任多少的表述，是凭空捏造的方向。
• C)原词陷阱born with a stronger ability to socialize 借了下一段 nurture social connections 的社交字眼来诱选，但录音说的是女性倾向于经营社交、且作者还说这个解释难以信服，绝非天生社交力，既盗词又偷换。

  借用原文：women's immune systems benefit from their tendency to prioritize and nurture social connections

What is the recent discovery about human cells?

对比 only…+ 直陈结论句 Human cells have a limited…。Only cancer cells, in fact, are capable of dividing forever 用 only 把能永远分裂限定给癌细胞，反衬出紧接的直陈结论 Human cells have a limited reproductive ability——这句正面给出人体细胞的特性，是答案句。

• Human cells have a limited reproductive ability↔They have a limited reproductive ability.几乎原句对应，主语 Human cells 换成 They

• B)原词陷阱depend on adequate sleep to thrive 借了录音 good sleep 这个词制造耳熟，但原文说睡眠只是推迟细胞停止分裂的手段之一，并非细胞靠睡眠才能茁壮的本质特性，听到 sleep 就选会上当。

  借用原文：we can postpone the eventual stop of cells' dividing, through nutrition, exercise, good sleep, and even relaxation techniques

• C)与原文相反They keep dividing throughout one's life. 说人体细胞终生不停分裂，恰恰与录音相反——录音说 Only cancer cells, in fact, are capable of dividing forever，永远分裂是癌细胞专属，人体细胞反而有限，此项把对象和极性都弄反了。

  借用原文：Only cancer cells, in fact, are capable of dividing forever

• D)原词陷阱They strengthen with regular exercise. 借了录音 exercise 一词，但原文只把运动列为推迟细胞停止分裂的手段，从未说细胞会因运动而增强，是把原词嫁接到一个未说过的结论上。

  借用原文：we can postpone the eventual stop of cells' dividing, through nutrition, exercise, good sleep

What do many public health policy makers believe?

主体标志 Many public health policy makers believe that…。Many public health policy makers believe that 直接点出题干所问的主体并带 believe，其后 that 从句就是他们的主张；这里要特别注意句中 but 之后是顶尖科学家的反驳，不属于被问方。

• the resolution of age-associated disease will tell us something fundamental about the ageing process↔The resolution of age-related diseases will solve the mystery of ageing.age-associated=age-related，tell us something fundamental about=solve the mystery of

• A)与原文相反The process of ageing can ultimately be brought under control. 说衰老终可被掌控，而录音明确 But we cannot stop the ageing process.、且全篇强调衰老仍是谜，此项方向与录音相反，更非政策制定者的主张。

  借用原文：But we cannot stop the ageing process.

• B)未提及Improved health care for the elderly will contribute to longevity. 听来合理，但录音里政策制定者谈的是治好年龄相关疾病能否搞懂衰老，并未提改善老年照护带来长寿这一论断，属未提及。
• C)原词陷阱Prevention of heart disease and stroke will increase life expectancy. 借了录音 heart disease and stroke 这两个病名诱选，但原文提它们是顶尖科学家用来说明治这些病并不能告诉我们衰老的道理，且 would only add a decade to average life expectancy 说防住也仅多十年；此项既盗词，又把反驳语境错当政策制定者的信念。

  借用原文：the resolution of age-associated disease like heart disease and stroke will inform us about ageing is not based on sound science or logic

Why are managers often frustrated with their employees?

frustration 原词点题。这句开头的 Much to their frustration 正是题干 frustrated 的来源,紧接着 struggle to get their staff to comply with even simple instructions 直接说出管理者头疼的内容——这种与题干同根词后面紧跟的描述句,就是答案句信号。

• struggle to get their staff to comply with even simple instructions↔reluctant to follow instructions服从难=不愿服从

• B)原词陷阱选项 fail to answer emails promptly 借了录音后文反复出现的 emails 一词,但管理者懊恼的原因是员工不服从指令,不是回邮件不及时,属听到 emails 就想选的原词陷阱。

  借用原文：they're an effective tool for the sharing of data and reports

• C)未提及cannot understand directives 说员工听不懂指令,但录音说的是员工难以被驱使去服从,不是看不懂;录音从未提员工理解能力的问题,属过度推断/未提及。
• D)未提及do not show due respect 说员工不够尊重,录音对员工不服从给的描述是不配合指令,完全没谈尊重与否,属无中生有。

Why do employees sometimes disobey procedures intentionally?

because 引出原因。it's because they're pressured to finish in a short time 用 because 直接给出第一个原因,后面 the effort demanded, the time consumed, the lack of potential effectiveness 继续列举,这一连串因果与列举正是答案信号。

• pressured to finish in a short time↔avoid unnecessary losses赶时间避免效率损失

• A)原词陷阱not been trained to follow the rules 借了录音里反复出现的 follow/procedures 语境,但录音从未说员工没受过训练,只说他们故意不认同流程,属拿原文话题词设的原词陷阱。

  借用原文：how closely they followed any new procedures set by their managers

• B)偷换概念not satisfied with the management 说员工不满管理层,录音说的是员工不认同流程本身(its spirit、effort、time),并非针对管理者本人,把对流程的不认同偷换成对管理层的不满。

  借用原文：they may disagree with the spirit of the procedure

• D)未提及find their voice go unheeded 说员工意见被忽视,录音这段列违规原因时并未提此点(说话受不受重视是第 4、5 段讲的另一回事),属未提及。

When are employees more likely to follow instructions, according to the researchers?

strong correlation 挂钩条件与结果。a remarkably strong correlation between how helpful supervisors were perceived to be and how likely their employees were to follow their directives 用 strong correlation between…and… 把上司有帮助与员工服从直接挂钩,这种相关性句式正是条件题的答案信号。

• how helpful supervisors were perceived to be↔find their supervisors helpful被认为有帮助=觉得有帮助

• A)偷换概念on good terms with their managers 说与管理者关系好,录音强调的是上司被认为有帮助(helpful),关系融洽与提供帮助并非一回事,把 helpful 偷换成私人关系好。

  借用原文：how helpful supervisors were perceived to be

• B)原词陷阱find their job goals easily attainable 借了录音 the likelihood of success in the attainment of job goals 里的 job goals,但录音说的是上司帮助提升了达成目标的可能感,目标易达是结果而非员工服从的前提,属盗用原词又因果倒置。

  借用原文：the likelihood of success in the attainment of job goals

• D)未提及financially motivated 说靠钱激励,录音讲的激励是上司的帮助行为(helping behavior was found to be motivational),与金钱无关;录音从未提经济激励,属未提及。

  借用原文：Supervisors' helping behavior was found to be motivational in nature

What does the speaker say about emails?

but 后才是真立场。but they're a hopeless tool if what a manager is desiring is a change in behavior 中的 but 是关键转折:前半承认邮件传数据有效,but 后说它对改变行为毫无用处——转折后那半句才是说话人对邮件的真正定论,是答案信号。

• they're a hopeless tool if what a manager is desiring is a change in behavior↔They are a useless tool for managers to change employee behavior.hopeless=useless,change behavior 对应

• B)与原文相反a good means for managers to give instructions 对应录音转折前 an effective tool for the sharing of data and reports,但那只是说话人让一步承认的优点,but 后才是真立场;选 B 等于只听前半截、漏掉转折,属与原文相反。

  借用原文：They're an effective tool for the sharing of data and reports

• C)未提及reserved for urgent communication 说邮件该留给紧急沟通,录音只说邮件适合传数据报告、不适合改行为,从未提急事;属无中生有的引申。
• D)偷换概念sharing confidential data 借了录音 the sharing of data and reports 里的 data,却擅自加上 confidential(机密),录音只说 data and reports、未限定机密,属盗用原词又加限定的偷换。

  借用原文：They're an effective tool for the sharing of data and reports