2018年12月·第1套 英语六级听力真题原文与答案解析

What does the woman say about the book the man recommended?

被问者女士的直接评价句。本题问 the woman 的看法，定位就锁女士的话。她说 it promises enrichment for any reader, from those who know little about science to the career physicist，这句「面向任何读者」的概括评价正是答案句。

• from those who know little about science to the career physicist↔professionals and non-professionals alike「外行到职业」概括为「专业与非专业都」
• it promises enrichment for any reader↔It can benefitpromises enrichment = benefit

• B)原词陷阱B说书「列出物理学家面临的种种挑战」，借了 physicists 这个全篇高频词诱你选，但录音里女士说的是适合各类读者，从未说本书在「罗列挑战」，属答非所问。

  借用原文：the career physicist

• C)原词陷阱C说书「描述了某些物理之谜是如何被解开的」，盗用了女士口中的 mysteries 一词，但她只说作者是引领读者了解物理之谜的「向导」，没说书在讲「谜题被解开的过程」，偷换了概念。

  借用原文：the mysteries of physics

• D)过度推断D说它是「有史以来最引人入胜的物理书之一」，女士确实夸了书（great），但绝没说「史上最…之一」这种最高级定位，属过度推断、把一般称赞拔成顶级评价。

What can we find in the book the man recommended?

明示「书中收入了…」的内容句。男士说 making an effort to include anecdotes about little-known female scientists，include（收入、包含）直接回应题干「书里能找到什么」，是承载答案的内容句。

• anecdotes about little-known female scientists↔Stories about some female physicistsanecdotes=Stories，scientists≈physicists

• A)未提及A说「物理学家对人类的贡献」，听着很正能量、像物理书该有的内容，但录音通篇没说书在讲谁对人类有何贡献，属未提及的想当然。
• C)原词陷阱C说「现代物理的历史演变」，借了贯穿全篇的 physics 话题词，但录音从没讲物理学如何一步步演变的历史线，属未提及。

  借用原文：the mysteries of physics

• D)偷换概念D说「女性对物理态度的转变」，盗用了 P3 里 the woman's place 这类涉及女性的词，但录音说的是收入女科学家的故事，而非讲女性「态度如何变化」，张冠李戴、偷换了主题。

  借用原文：the woman's place was in the home

How does the author bring her book to life?

题干原话 brought to life 的对应句。题干问 bring her book to life，录音几乎原话出现 each chapter brought to life by pieces of fascinating knowledge，by 引出的正是手段，是答案句。

• brought to life by pieces of fascinating knowledge↔By including lots of fascinating knowledgeby…fascinating knowledge=By including…fascinating knowledge

• A)原词陷阱A说「靠揭穿物理学中的大量迷思」让书生动，盗用了 P4 里 a myth（迷思）一词，但录音里「揭穿迷思」只是举的一个例子，并非女士点明的「让书生动」的总手段；且原文是 a myth（单个）而非 a lot of myths（大量），张冠李戴又夸大了数量。

  借用原文：she exposes a myth that I've heard taught by university physics professors

• B)未提及B说「靠描述她自己的人生经历」，听着像作者会用的招，但录音从没说书里写了作者的个人经历，属未提及。
• D)张冠李戴D说「靠讲名教授的逸事」让书生动，盗用了 P4 里 university physics professors 一词，但原文是说「她揭穿了一个连大学物理教授都在教的迷思」，并非「讲教授的逸事」，把教授的角色彻底安错了。

  借用原文：I've heard taught by university physics professors

How does the book cultivate readers' interest in physics?

题干同源词 cultivate + by 引出做法。录音 cultivates scientific engagement by providing a host of do-it-yourself experiments 与题干 cultivate 同词，by 后引出的「提供可自己动手做的实验」正是答案句。

• do-it-yourself experiments↔experiments they can do themselvesdo-it-yourself=they can do themselves
• hands-on examples make her book a truly interactive read↔It provides experiments they can do themselves.hands-on/interactive 印证「亲自做」

• A)过度推断A说书「避免详述物理的抽象概念」，看似呼应末句 equation-free（无公式），但「不含公式」不等于「回避讲抽象概念」，且这也不是录音回答「如何培养兴趣」的那句话，属过度推断。

  借用原文：this equation-free book is an ideal read

• B)未提及B说书「含大量发人深省的问题」，是想当然的科普书套路，但录音说的是提供动手实验，从没说书里设有大量问题，属未提及。
• C)原词陷阱C说书「展示读者如何能成为物理学家」，盗用了全篇高频的 physicist 一词，但录音只说书让读者动手参与、产生兴趣，绝没说能教人「成为物理学家」，过度拔高了书的功能。

  借用原文：the career physicist

What is the man's problem?

求助者开口自报处境。对话一开场，男生就用 I'm having some problems getting started on my dissertation 直接交代自己卡在哪——"开口自报处境"就是 problem 题的答案信号，不必等后文。

• getting started on my dissertation↔how to proceed with his dissertation起步=怎么往下推进
• I'm having some problems↔He has no idea有麻烦=没头绪

• A)未提及选项说他 too busy to finish his assignment in time（太忙赶不及），可男生从头到尾没说自己忙、也没提时间紧，他说的是不知怎么起步，属无中生有。
• B)原词陷阱选项说他 does not know what kind of topic to write on（不知写什么主题）。男生其实已选定主题（后文 aesthetics），问题是选好后"不知怎么往下"，不是没题目，这里借了后文反复出现的 topic 一词来误导。

  借用原文：The general topic I chose is aesthetics

• C)原词陷阱选项说他 does not understand the professor's instructions。"instructions"确在录音里出现，但那是后文教授叮嘱 follow the instructions，跟男生当前"不会起步"的问题无关，是把别处的词搬来凑。

  借用原文：make sure to follow the instructions

What does the professor think of the man's topic?

评价者直接下断语。教授应答时一句 That's much too large a topic 直接给出评价，紧接着 narrow it down（缩小范围）又印证"太大"——评价者直接下断语，就是态度题的答案信号。

• much too large a topic↔too broad太大=太宽泛
• narrow it down↔too broad需缩小↔现太宽

• B)未提及选项说题目 a bit outdated（有点过时），但教授评的是"太大"，全程没提时间新旧，属无中生有。
• C)偷换概念选项说 It is challenging.（有挑战）。教授嫌它"太大需缩小"，并非夸它有难度有价值，challenging 把负面评价偷换成中性偏褒，方向不符。

  借用原文：much too large a topic

• D)与原文相反选项说 It is interesting.（有趣）是正面评价，但教授给的是负面评价（太大），极性正好相反，是想当然往好处想的人会掉的坑。

  借用原文：much too large a topic

What is the man really more interested in?

more...than 比较句点出取舍。男生说 I'm really more interested in nature than beauty，一个 more...than 把两样东西摆上天平、明确偏向 nature——比较句就是"更喜欢哪个"的答案信号。

• more interested in nature↔Nature原句取 more 后那项

• A)原词陷阱选项 Biography 确在录音里出现，但那是教授让他去图书馆借的 get a copy of his biography，是"该读的材料"，不是男生"更感兴趣的东西"，张冠李戴。

  借用原文：get a copy of his biography

• C)原词陷阱选项 Philosophy 蹭了录音里 He's the philosopher 的 philosopher 一词，但那是在介绍 Hume 的身份，男生并没说更喜欢哲学，是借音近词设的坑。

  借用原文：He's the philosopher who wrote about where our ideas of beauty come from

• D)与原文相反选项 Beauty 是比较句里 than 后面那一项——正是被比下去的一方。录音确实念了 beauty，但男生说的是更喜欢 nature 而非 beauty，取错了天平的另一端。

  借用原文：more interested in nature than beauty

What does the professor say the man has to do?

have to 引出硬性要求。教授一句 you have to adhere to the assigned topic，have to（必须）就是"被要求做什么"的答案信号，紧跟其后的动作即答案。

• adhere to the assigned topic↔Stick to the topic assignedadhere to=stick to

• A)原词陷阱选项 Improve his cumulative grade. 蹭了录音里 This paper is a large part of your cumulative grade，但那只是解释"为什么要照做"的背景，不是教授要他做的动作，把背景目的偷换成任务。

  借用原文：This paper is a large part of your cumulative grade

• B)未提及选项 Develop his reading ability. 录音根本没要求他提升阅读能力，他只是被叫去图书馆借本传记，属无中生有。
• D)原词陷阱选项 List the parameters first. 蹭了录音里 stick to the parameters of the assignment 的 parameters，但原文是"守住作业的各项规定"，不是"先把参数列出来"，把"遵守"偷换成"列出"。

  借用原文：remember to stick to the parameters of the assignment

What did climate scientists describe as "stunning"?

stunning紧贴现象。答案信号是题干原词 described the phenomenon as "stunning" 的出现位置——它紧跟在 the temperature on Greenland’s northern tip reached six degrees Celsius 之后，the phenomenon 指代的正是这句反常高温，所以这句就是答案句。

• the temperature on Greenland’s northern tip reached six degrees Celsius↔The unprecedented high temperature in Greenland.具体数字概括为高温

• B)原词陷阱B 的 collapse of ice 借用了全文反复出现的"冰"话题词来诱选，但原文 stunning 形容的是"高温"，从未说北端的冰"崩塌"，属听到相关词就想选的陷阱。

  借用原文：rapid sea-ice loss

• C)与原文相反C 说 unusual cold spell（反常寒潮），与原文"高温"正好相反；原文开头虽提到 minus 20 degrees 的常态低温，但被 stunning 形容的是升温而非降温。

  借用原文：the average temperature in the frozen north typically hovers around minus 20 degrees Celsius

• D)原词陷阱D 说"一天之内"温度急剧变化，原文 it stayed there for over 24 hours 说的是高温"持续"24小时以上，而非"一天内骤变"，盗用 24 hours 制造误导。

  借用原文：it stayed there for over 24 hours

What does the passage say about the temperature surge in the Arctic?

题干原词surge加频率词。答案信号是题干同词 temperature surge 直接出现，紧跟其后的 They typically appear about once in a decade 给出频率，频率/数字句正是这类细节题的落点。

• once in a decade↔once every ten yearsdecade即ten years

• A)原词陷阱A 说"创造了全新的气候模式"，借用了原文 a new type of climate feedback loop 里的"new/climate"，但原文说的是"新型反馈循环"，且 A 的 totally new climate pattern 把范围夸成"全新气候模式"，说过头了。

  借用原文：a new type of climate feedback loop

• B)答非所问B 说"对许多物种构成严重威胁"，原文 This raises unique challenges for Arctic wildlife 确实提到对野生动物的挑战，但那是讲"整体变暖"的后果，不是回答 temperature surge"是什么特点"，把别处的内容安到本题上。

  借用原文：This raises unique challenges for Arctic wildlife

• D)未提及D 说"困扰气候科学家数十年"，原文只说科学家称该现象 stunning、并说它"两年前刚发生过"，从未说它"困扰科学家数十年"，属凭空添加。

What may occur in 20 years according to scientists' recent observations?

转折but加时间预测。答案信号有两层：一是转折词 But based on what scientists are seeing now，转折后才是基于"近期观察"的新结论；二是题干同义时间 within 20 years，这句正是20年内的预测，即答案句。

• summers without ice↔Iceless summers in the Arctic.without ice即iceless

• A)过度推断A 说"北极野生动物灭绝"，原文 This raises unique challenges for Arctic wildlife 只说"给野生动物带来挑战"，没说"灭绝"extinction，从"挑战"推到"灭绝"是过度推断。

  借用原文：This raises unique challenges for Arctic wildlife

• C)原词陷阱C 说"原住民迁移"，借用原文 indigenous people who depend on Arctic ecosystems to survive 里的"原住民"一词，但原文只说他们"依赖北极生态系统生存"，从未说他们要"迁移"emigration。

  借用原文：indigenous people who depend on Arctic ecosystems to survive

• D)原词陷阱D 说"更好地理解生态系统"，盗用原文 ecosystems 一词，但原文谈的是变暖带来的威胁与无冰预测，根本没说会"更好理解生态系统"，且这与全文消极基调相反。

  借用原文：indigenous people who depend on Arctic ecosystems to survive

What is often necessary for carrying through a task?

开头总起句+原词 necessary 重现。录音第一句 A good dose of willpower is often necessary to see any task through 与题干 What is often necessary for carrying through a task? 几乎同形（necessary、task through 对 carrying through a task），这是篇章独白典型的『开头点题』，答案信号就是这句把核心要素 willpower 直接摆出来。

• A good dose of willpower↔A strong determination.willpower=determination 近义替换

• A)原词陷阱A good start. 借用了录音 A good dose of willpower 里的 good 来勾人，但录音说的是 a good dose（充足的量），与 a good start（好的开端）毫无关系，属听到 good 就想选的原词陷阱。

  借用原文：A good dose of willpower

• B)原词陷阱A detailed plan. 的 plan 来自录音举例 sticking to a spending plan，那只是『做成事』的一个例子，并非录音点名的必要要素，把例子里的词当成答案即落入原词陷阱。

  借用原文：sticking to a spending plan

• D)未提及A scientific approach. 录音从头到尾没说过完成任务需要『科学方法』，第一段讲的是 willpower，与 approach 无关，属无中生有。

What is the finding of the new study?

结论标志语 a new study suggests + what matters most。录音用 a new study suggests you just simply have to believe you have it 和 what matters most is what we think about our willpower 直接抛出研究结论，suggests、what matters most 都是结论信号词，紧跟其后的就是 finding。

• you just simply have to believe you have it↔It is most important to have confidence in one's willpower.believe you have it=have confidence in willpower
• what matters most is what we think about our willpower↔It is most important to have confidence in one's willpower.what matters most=It is most important

• A)原词陷阱Most people get energized after a sufficient rest. 盗用录音 get energized 与 break/rest 概念，但录音说『把意志力看成无限的人才会 get energized』，且这并非研究的核心 finding，而是对『信念有限派』的描述，张冠李戴。

  借用原文：people who view their willpower as a limitless resource get energized

• B)偷换概念Most people tend to have a finite source of energy. 直接搬录音 If we believe it's a finite resource 里的 finite resource，但录音是说『若你相信它有限，你就会那样表现』，强调的是信念而非『精力客观有限』，更不是研究的最终 finding，属偷换概念。

  借用原文：If we believe it's a finite resource, we act that way

• C)原词陷阱It is vital to take breaks between demanding mental tasks. 借录音 need breaks between demanding mental tasks 的原词，但录音只是描述『信念有限的人会觉得需要休息』，并未主张『休息很关键 vital』，研究真正的结论是相信自己，属与原文相反/偷换。

  借用原文：need breaks between demanding mental tasks

What do we learn about European participants as compared with their American counterparts?

对比信号 on the other hand 之后才是欧洲人。录音用 on the other hand 把美国人与欧洲人的表现一分为二，欧洲人的描述在转折后半句 claimed they were able to keep going，对比信号词 on the other hand 是定位答案句的钥匙。

• claimed they were able to keep going↔They could keep on working longer.able to keep going=could keep on working longer

• B)原词陷阱They could do more challenging tasks. 借录音 mentally challenging tasks 的 challenging，但录音讲的是欧洲人能『坚持更久』，从没说他们能做『更难的任务』，属原词陷阱。

  借用原文：mentally challenging tasks

• C)原词陷阱They found it easier to focus on work at hand. 的 focus 来自录音 I can focus on a mental task for long periods，那是问卷里的陈述句举例，不是描述欧洲人相比美国人的差异，属张冠李戴。

  借用原文：I can focus on a mental task for long periods without feeling tired

• D)未提及They held more positive attitudes toward life. 录音根本没说欧洲人对『生活』更乐观，positive 一词出现在第三段讲信念的 positive effects，与欧洲人无关，属未提及。

What do the researchers say concerning people's feelings about willpower?

转折 But 之后的定性词 changeable。录音研究者原话里 But these feelings are changeable 用转折词 But 把重心拉到『可改变』上，changeable 是这句的定性落点，转折后才是真意，正是答案信号。

• these feelings are changeable↔They are subject to change.changeable=subject to change

• A)与原文相反They are part of their nature. 借录音 Changing your beliefs about the nature of your self-control 的 nature，但录音讲的是『可以改变』，与『天生不可改的本性』正相反，属与原文相反。

  借用原文：But these feelings are changeable

• C)未提及They are related to culture. 录音从未说意志力的感受『与文化有关』，第二段虽比较了美欧受试者，但那是地域差异，研究者并没把感受归因于 culture，属未提及。
• D)与原文相反They are beyond control. 借录音 the nature of your self-control 的 control，但研究者说感受 changeable、能带来积极改变，恰恰是『可控可改』，与『beyond control 不可控』相反。

  借用原文：these feelings are changeable

What did the researchers at Oxford University conclude?

结论动词 concluded 领出落点。原文 They concluded that 直接对应题干的 conclude，这种"下结论"的标志动词后面紧跟的就是答案句；听到 concluded/found/argued 这类词，后面那句基本就是考点。

• almost one in every two jobs↔About half of current jobs"二分之一"= about half
• has a high risk of being automated by machines↔might be automated高风险=might（可能）

• B)张冠李戴录音开头确实念到 Her mom is a doctor and her dad is a lawyer，但那是讲小侄女父母的引子，并非"牛津研究的结论"；选项把这两个原词搬来冒充结论，是答非所问。

  借用原文：Her mom is a doctor and her dad is a lawyer

• C)未提及原文结论是"约一半工作有被自动化的高风险"，是个明确的比例判断，并没有说就业市场"变得难以预测（unpredictable）"；这层意思录音从未表达，属凭印象推出来的。
• D)偷换概念录音里 In 2013, researchers at Oxford University did a study 中的 2013 是"做研究的年份"，选项却说"机器学习到 2013 年将具颠覆性"，把这个年份偷换成了"颠覆发生/达成的时间"，时间含义被改了。

  借用原文：In 2013, researchers at Oxford University did a study on the future of work

What do we learn about Kaggle company's winning programs?

主体词 winning programs 直接出现。原文 The winning programs were able to 与题干主体逐字对上，主体词出现处就是答案句；这种"题干主体在原文原样念出"的情况，紧跟其后的能力描述即落点。

• match the grades given by human teachers↔grade high-school essays just like human teachers"分数相符"= 像老师一样评分
• grade high-school essays↔grade high-school essays评高中作文（原任务对象）

• A)未提及录音谈的是批高中作文，从未提到"massive open online courses（慕课）"，更没说这些程序广泛适用于网课；这是凭"网课也涉及作文"的联想脑补出来的。
• B)张冠李戴录音确有 human teachers 一词，但说的是"程序的分与老师相符"，并非"许多高中老师在使用这些程序"；选项把 teachers 从"被对标的人"偷换成"使用者"，张冠李戴。

  借用原文：match the grades given by human teachers

• C)原词陷阱"一分钟读一万篇"是把后文 A teacher might read 10,000 essays over a 40-year career 和 A machine can read millions of essays within minutes 的数字拼凑改造而来，且讲的是"读得快/多"，而本题问 winning programs 的本事在于"评得准"，答非所问。

  借用原文：A teacher might read 10,000 essays over a 40-year career

What is the fundamental limitation of machine learning?

原词 fundamental limitation + 转折 But 后落点。本段以 But there are things we can do that machines cannot 转折开场，随后 The fundamental limitation of machine learning is that 与题干逐字呼应，这种"转折后 + 原话点题"的句子就是答案句。

• it needs to learn from large volumes of past data↔It has to rely on huge amounts of previous data整句几乎逐词同义替换

• A)过度推断录音从未说机器学习"全过程都需要人给指令"；它强调的是"需要从历史数据中学习"，而非"需要指令"。throughout the process 这种绝对化说法是凭印象加上去的。
• B)与原文相反录音说 We have no chance of competing against machines on frequent, high-volume tasks——高频海量任务上人类根本拼不过机器，即机器在此最强；选项却说机器在"frequent, high-volume tasks"上"做得差"，把强项说成短板，正话反说。

  借用原文：We have no chance of competing against machines on frequent, high-volume tasks

• D)偷换概念录音确实说 Where machines have made very little progress is in tackling novel situations——机器在应对新情境上进展甚微，但题问的是"根本局限"，原文给的根本局限是"必须依赖旧数据"；而且选项说"追踪新事物时'慢'（slow）"，原文说的是"进展很少/处理不了"，并非"慢"，含义被改。

  借用原文：Where machines have made very little progress is in tackling novel situations

What has the speaker previously talked about?

完成时回顾句 We've talked + 收束句 all been theoretical。We've also talked about the different theories 是完成时回顾，紧接着 our discussions have all been theoretical 一句把之前内容定性为理论，这句收束语就是答案信号——它一句话概括了前情。

• the different theories on how that can be done↔The theoretical aspects of sustainable energytheories 改写为 theoretical aspects
• the importance of sustainable energy↔sustainable energy话题词 sustainable energy 原样对应

• A)原词陷阱The engineering problems with solar power 借了录音里 one engineer 及后文工程内容的影子，但工程实践是说话人即将转入的 practical question，不是 previously（之前）讲的内容，时间点错位。

  借用原文：one engineer, Tim Castleman, believes it's possible

• B)原词陷阱The generation of steam with the latest technology 借了录音后面反复出现的 steam 和 technology，但用蒸汽这套技术是说话人转向的 practical question（实践问题），属于现在要讲、不是之前讲过的，答非所问。

  借用原文：run a 140,000 kilogram train on just the steam generated by solar power

• C)偷换概念The importance of exploring new energy sources 看似贴主题，但录音回顾的是 the importance of sustainable energy（可持续能源的重要性）和各种理论，并没有讲探索新能源的重要性，exploring new energy sources 是无中生有的拔高。

  借用原文：the importance of sustainable energy

What is Tim Castleman trying to do in Sacramento?

人物意图句 Castleman wants to build... 及整套目标描述。Castleman wants to build an array of solar magnifying mirrors 是直接的人物意图句（wants to），加上前面 a new steam train that runs without any fire，整段都在说他想用太阳能产蒸汽来跑火车，这就是答案信号。

• build an array of solar magnifying mirrors↔Drive trains with solar energy建聚光镜产蒸汽 = 用太阳能驱动火车
• steam generated by solar power↔solar energysolar power 改写为 solar energy

• B)原词陷阱Upgrade the city's train facilities 借了录音 the upgrading of its rail yard（铁路调车场升级）这个词，但升级是这件事发生的背景，Castleman 本人的目标是建太阳能蒸汽火车，不是去升级设施，答非所问。

  借用原文：As part of the upgrading of its rail yard

• C)与原文相反Build a new ten-kilometre railway line 借了原文 ten-kilometre 这个数字，但录音说的是 an existing 10-kilometre line（现有的 10 公里线路），他要在现有线上跑车，不是新建一条线，与原文相反。

  借用原文：could run on an existing 10-kilometre line

• D)过度推断Cut down the city's energy consumption 沾了录音 a green alternative（绿色替代方案）的环保意味，但录音只说这可能给通勤者一个绿色选择，没说他的目标是削减全城能耗，属拔高推断。

  借用原文：offering city commuters a green alternative to their cars

What has a Japanese research team tried to do?

总起句 stored in other materials + 例证 has studied materials。本段开头 Energy ... can be stored in other materials besides water 是总起句，点明本段主题是寻找别的储能材料；紧接着 a team at Tohoku University in Japan has studied materials that can store large amounts of heat 给出团队的具体做法，这两句合起来就是答案信号。

• stored in other materials besides water↔Find a new material for storing energy用水以外的材料储能 = 找新储能材料

• A)原词陷阱Build a tank for keeping calcium oxide 借了原文 calcium oxide（氧化钙）这个词，但录音说罐子里存的是 The gas can be stored under pressure in a tank（气体存在罐中），剩下的 calcium oxide 是留在原处的固体、不是被存进罐里的，对象张冠李戴。

  借用原文：The gas can be stored under pressure in a tank, leaving calcium oxide

• C)原词陷阱Recover super-heated steam 借了原文末句 generate superheated steam，但那是 Valentine 说的理论上能达到的效果，且是 recover the energy 的过程，不是日本团队尝试做的事本身，答非所问。

  借用原文：this can create a high enough temperature to generate superheated steam

• D)偷换概念Collect carbon dioxide gas 借了原文 drives off carbon dioxide gas，二氧化碳确实被存进罐子，但这只是名古屋团队储能流程里的一步手段，题问的是团队尝试做什么——核心是找钙化合物作储能材料，而非单纯收集二氧化碳，以偏概全。

  借用原文：Heating this chemical compound drives off carbon dioxide gas

What is one cause of the current crisis in care for the elderly in England?

并列信号 Second 引出第二条原因。首段以 two main causes 起头，用 First 与 Second 罗列两条原因；Second 之后这句正是其中一条成因。

• a poor relation between national health and social care services↔The poor relation between national health and social care services.近乎原句保留的关键表述

• A)原词陷阱A 借用录音里反复出现的 local governments 制造熟耳感，但录音说的两条原因是"人活得更久、需求更复杂"与"体系衔接差"，从未把"国家与地方政府监管缺失"列为危机原因。

  借用原文：supervise care homes run by independent organizations

• B)原词陷阱录音第 5 段确有 a time of financial crisis，但那是讲 1980 年代资金减少的背景，不是当前老年护理危机的两条主因之一；B 把别处的"经济危机"挪来当成因。

  借用原文：at a time of financial crisis, funding diminished and little changed

• C)原词陷阱C 里的 day centres and home help services 直接取自录音第 2 段 day centres and home helpers，但原文只是在介绍服务种类，没说"这些服务管理不善"是当前危机的原因。

  借用原文：meals, day centres and home helpers and other subsidized services

What does the speaker say about residential and community care?

对象名出现+核心动词 provided by。句子点名 residential and community care，紧接着用 substantially provided by voluntary services 说明它的供给来源，正是题目所问。

• substantially provided by voluntary services↔It was mainly provided by voluntary services.substantially=mainly 的同义替换

• B)与原文相反录音说 eligibility based on income（按收入定资格），B 却说服务"特权阶层"(the privileged)，方向相反——按收入往往是照顾低收入者，并非偏向特权者。

  借用原文：with eligibility based on income

• C)原词陷阱C 里的 volunteers 蹭录音的 voluntary services，但原文只说服务"由"志愿组织提供，没有说"呼吁要足够多志愿者"(called for a sufficient number)，属凭空添加。

  借用原文：provided by voluntary services

• D)原词陷阱D 的 deteriorated over the past sixty years 蹭了末段 60 years of criticism 里的时间跨度，但那是讲"批评了 60 年"，本题问的是这种照护的供给来源，原文没说它"在 60 年里恶化"。

  借用原文：Why has 60 years of criticism produced so little change?

What made management of care for the elderly more difficult in the 1980s?

时间 1980s + made…difficult 直接点题。句中 In the 1980s 锁定年代，made management even more difficult 与题干 made management…more difficult 几乎逐词对应，紧贴其前的 preference 即致因。

• preference for private over public services↔Their preference for private services.压缩式同义改写

• A)答非所问A 的 longer lifespans 对应录音第 3 段 life expectancy has risen，那是讲危机的大背景，不是本题"1980 年代使管理更难"的直接原因。

  借用原文：life expectancy has risen from 66 for a male at best in 1948 to around 80 now

• B)答非所问录音确有 doing little to stop the erosion of available aid 暗示援助在减少，但本题致因句明确指向"偏好私营服务"，B 把别处的"帮手变少"挪来顶替。

  借用原文：the erosion of available aid

• D)原词陷阱D 的 serious illnesses 蹭录音 the number of sick older people grew，但那句是与致因并列的另一现象（病人增多），用 Simultaneously 引出，并非"made management difficult"所修饰的原因。

  借用原文：Simultaneously, the number of sick older people grew

What does the speaker say about older people in England?

结尾收束句直接定性。末段以设问 Why has 60 years of criticism produced so little change? 收束，随后 Discrimination against older people has a long history. 直接对老人这一群体下定性，是说话人的总结表态。

• Discrimination against older people has a long history↔They have long been discriminated against.名词化↔主被动转换

• A)原词陷阱A 的"付不起医疗费"蹭了录音 Unless you were prepared to pay 的 pay，但那是讲服务难获取的条件，原文没说老人"无力支付"，更不是结尾对群体的定性。

  借用原文：Unless you were prepared to pay

• C)原词陷阱C 的 vulnerable to illnesses and diseases 蹭录音末段 too vulnerable to launch the protests 的 vulnerable，但原文 vulnerable 指老人"脆弱到无力发起抗议"，不是"易患病"，被偷换了对象。

  借用原文：are too vulnerable to launch the protests

• D)未提及D 说老人"对社会贡献很大"，全篇围绕照护困境与歧视，从未提到老人对社会的贡献，属无中生有。