2002年考研英语真题长难句

On another level, many in the medical community acknowledge that the assisted-suicide debate has been fueled in part by the despair of patients for whom modern medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying.

在另一个层面上，医学界的许多人承认，协助自杀的争论部分是由病人的绝望情绪引发的，现代医学延长了这些病人临终时的身体痛苦。

As the interaction between organism and environment has come to be understood, however, effects once assigned to states of mind, feelings, and traits are beginning to be traced to accessible conditions, and a technology of behavior may therefore become available.

然而，随着有机体与环境之间的相互作用已逐渐被理解，曾经被归因于心理状态、情感和特质的影响正开始被追溯到可接触的条件，因此一种行为技术可能变得可用。

George Annas, chair of the health law department at Boston University, maintains that, as long as a doctor prescribes a drug for a legitimate medical purpose, the doctor has done nothing illegal even if the patient uses the drug to hasten death.

乔治·安纳斯，波士顿大学卫生法系主任，主张只要医生为合法的医疗目的开处方药物，即使病人使用该药物加速死亡，医生也没有做任何违法的事情。

Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide, the Court in effect supported the medical principle of "double effect", a centuries-old moral principle holding that an action having two effects—a good one that is intended and a harmful one that is foreseen—is permissible if the actor intends only the good effect.

尽管法院裁定宪法没有赋予医生协助自杀的权利，但实际上，法院支持了“双重效果”的医学原则，这是一个存在了几个世纪的道德原则，该原则认为，一个具有两种效果——一个是预期的好效果，一个是可预见的坏效果——的行为，如果行为人只意图实现好的效果，那么这个行为是被允许的。

Nancy Dubler, director of Montefiore Medical Center, contends that the principle will shield doctors who "until now have very, very strongly insisted that they could not give patients sufficient medication to control their pain if that might hasten death".

蒙蒂菲奥里医疗中心主任南希·杜布勒主张，这项原则将保护那些“直到现在都非常非常强烈地坚持认为他们不能给病人足够的药物来控制他们的疼痛，如果那样可能会加速死亡”的医生。

As was discussed before, it was not until the 19th century that the newspaper became the dominant pre-electronic medium, following in the wake of the pamphlet and the book and in the company of the periodical.

正如之前所讨论的，直到19世纪报纸才成为电子时代前的主导媒介，先于小册子和书籍出现，并与期刊同时存在。

It was during the same time that the communications revolution speeded up, beginning with transport, the railway, and leading on through the telegraph, the telephone, radio, and motion pictures into the 20th century world of the motor car and the airplane.

就在同一时期，通信革命加速发展，从交通运输、铁路开始，接着通过电报、电话、无线电和电影，进入了20世纪的汽车和飞机时代。

On the other hand, oil-importing emerging economies—to which heavy industry has shifted—have become more energy-intensive, and so could be more seriously squeezed.

另一方面，重工业已转移至的石油进口新兴经济体，已变得更加能源密集，因此可能会受到更严重的挤压。

Despite a spell of initial optimism in the 1960s and 1970s when it appeared that transistor circuits and microprocessors might be able to copy the action of the human brain by the year 2010, researchers lately have begun to extend that forecast by decades if not centuries.

尽管在20世纪60年代和70年代有一段最初的乐观时期，当时似乎晶体管电路和微处理器到2010年可能能够复制人类大脑的活动，但研究人员最近已经开始将这一预测延长数十年，如果不是数百年的话。

It was within the computer age that the term "information society" began to be widely used to describe the context within which we now live.

正是在计算机时代，“信息社会”这一术语开始被广泛用于描述我们现在生活的环境。

Until these issues are resolved, a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected, and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems.

直到这些问题被解决，行为技术将继续被拒绝，并且随之可能是解决我们问题的唯一方法。

He says medical licensing boards "must make it clear…that painful deaths are presumptively ones that are incompetently managed and should result in license suspension".

他说医疗执照委员会“必须明确……痛苦的死亡推定是管理不当的死亡，应该导致执照吊销”。

This near-tripling of oil prices calls up scary memories of the 1973 oil shock, when prices quadrupled, and 1979-1980, when they also almost tripled.

这次油价近三倍的上涨唤起了1973年石油危机的可怕记忆，当时油价翻了四倍，以及1979-1980年，当时油价也几乎上涨了两倍。

With other audiences you mustn't attempt to cut in with humor as they will resent an outsider making disparaging remarks about their canteen or their chairman.

对于其他听众，你绝不能尝试用幽默插话，因为他们会反感一个外人对他们的食堂或他们的主席发表贬低性言论。

The OECD estimates in its latest Economic Outlook that, if oil prices averaged $22 a barrel for a full year, compared with $13 in 1998, this would increase the oil import bill in rich economies by only 0.25-0.5% of GDP.

经合组织在其最新的《经济展望》中估计，如果石油价格全年平均为每桶22美元，与1998年的13美元相比，这将使富裕经济体的石油进口账单仅增加国内生产总值的0.25-0.5%。

And thanks to the continual miniaturization of electronics and micro-mechanics, there are already robot systems that can perform some kinds of brain and bone surgery with submillimeter accuracy—far greater precision than highly skilled physicians can achieve with their hands alone.

并且由于电子学和微机械学的持续微型化，已经存在能够以亚毫米级精度进行某些种类的脑科和骨科手术的机器人系统——这比技艺高超的医生仅用双手所能达到的精度要高得多。

In most countries the cost of crude oil now accounts for a smaller share of the price of petrol than it did in the 1970s.

在大多数国家，原油成本现在占汽油价格的份额比20世纪70年代更小。

What they found, in attempting to model thought, is that the human brain's roughly one hundred billion nerve cells are much more talented—and human perception far more complicated—than previously imagined.

在试图对思维进行建模时，他们发现人类大脑中大约一千亿个神经细胞比之前想象的要聪明得多，而人类的感知也复杂得多。

Often it's the delivery which causes the audience to smile, so speak slowly and remember that a raised eyebrow or an unbelieving look may help to show that you are making a light-hearted remark.

通常是表达方式使听众微笑，所以要慢慢说，并且记住，扬起眉毛或露出怀疑的表情可能有助于表明你正在发表轻松的言论。

It will not solve our problems, however, until it replaces traditional prescientific views, and these are strongly entrenched.

然而，直到它取代传统的前科学观点之前，它都不会解决我们的问题，并且这些观点根深蒂固。

Doctors have used that principle in recent years to justify using high doses of morphine to control terminally ill patients' pain, even though increasing dosages will eventually kill the patient.

近年来，医生们运用这一原则来证明使用高剂量吗啡以控制绝症患者的疼痛是合理的，即使增加剂量最终会导致患者死亡。

"Large numbers of physicians seem unconcerned with the pain their patients are needlessly and predictably suffering", to the extent that it constitutes "systematic patient abuse".

"大量医生似乎对他们的病人正在不必要且可预见地遭受的痛苦漠不关心"，以至于这构成了"系统性的病人虐待"。

That compulsion has resulted in robotics—the science of conferring various human capabilities on machines.

那种强制力导致了机器人学——将各种人类能力赋予机器的科学。

As a result, the modern world is increasingly populated by intelligent gizmos whose presence we barely notice but whose universal existence has removed much human labor.

因此，现代世界日益充斥着智能小装置，我们几乎注意不到它们的存在，但它们的普遍存在已减少了大量人类劳动。

In Europe, taxes account for up to four-fifths of the retail price, so even quite big changes in the price of crude have a more muted effect on pump prices than in the past.

在欧洲，税收占零售价格的五分之四，所以即使原油价格相当大的变化对零售油价的影响也比过去更温和。

Annas says lawyers can play a key role in insisting that these well-meaning medical initiatives translate into better care.

安纳斯说，律师可以在坚持这些善意的医疗倡议转化为更好的护理方面发挥关键作用。

They were thought of, like people, in terms of generations, with the distance between generations much smaller.

它们被认为，就像人一样，是按照代来划分的，代际之间的距离要小得多。

"We don't call those deaths homicides because the doctors didn't intend to kill their patients, although they risked their death. If you're a physician, you can risk your patient's suicide as long as you don't intend their suicide."

"我们不称那些死亡为杀人，因为医生们并不打算杀死他们的病人，尽管他们冒着病人死亡的风险。如果你是一名医生，只要你不打算让你的病人自杀，你就可以冒病人自杀的风险。"

Everyone is very peaceful, polite and friendly until, waiting in a line for lunch, the new arrival is suddenly pushed aside by a man in a white coat, who rushes to the head of the line, grabs his food and stomps over to a table by himself.

每个人都非常平和、有礼貌且友好，直到在排队等午餐时，新来的人突然被一个穿白大褂的男人推到一边，这个男人冲到队伍前面，抓起他的食物，独自噔噔地走到一张桌子旁。

As time went by, computers became smaller and more powerful, and they became "personal" too, as well as institutional, with display becoming sharper and storage capacity increasing.

随着时间推移，计算机变得更小且功能更强，它们也变得“个人化”，同时也机构化，显示器变得更清晰，存储容量不断增加。

A scientific analysis shifts both the responsibility and the achievement to the environment.

一项科学分析将责任和成就两者都转移到环境上。

Rich economies are also less dependent on oil than they were, and so less sensitive to swings in the oil price.

富裕经济体也比过去更少依赖石油，因此对油价的波动也更不敏感。

Yet there are good reasons to expect the economic consequences now to be less severe than in the 1970s.

然而，有充分的理由预计现在的经济后果不如20世纪70年代严重。

Could the bad old days of economic decline be about to return?

经济衰退的糟糕旧日时光可能将要回来了吗？

Indeed the quest for true artificial intelligence has produced very mixed results.

事实上，对真正人工智能的探索已经产生了非常复杂的结果。

If you feel awkward being humorous, you must practice so that it becomes more natural.

如果你在幽默时感到尴尬，你必须练习以便它变得更自然。

The environment is obviously important, but its role has remained obscure.

环境显然是重要的，但是它的作用仍然是模糊的。

Not everyone sees that process in perspective.

并非所有人都能正确看待那个过程。

Both previous shocks resulted in double-digit inflation and global economic decline.

先前的两次冲击都导致了两位数的通货膨胀和全球经济衰退。

A man arrives in heaven and is being shown around by St. Peter.

一个男人到达天堂，并且正由圣彼得带领参观。

It is important to do so.

这样做是重要的。