2012年考研英语真题长难句

It was not until the mid-1980s, when amplifying age and sex differences became a dominant children's marketing strategy, that pink fully came into its own, when it began to seem inherently attractive to girls, part of what defined them as female, at least for the first few critical years.

直到20世纪80年代中期，当放大年龄和性别差异成为一种主导的儿童营销策略时，粉色才完全形成了自己的特色，当时它开始似乎对女孩具有内在的吸引力，这是定义她们为女性的一部分，至少在最初的关键几年是这样。

When the court deals with social policy decisions, the law it shapes is inescapably political – which is why decisions split along ideological lines are so easily dismissed as unjust.

当法院处理社会政策决策时，其所塑造的法律不可避免地具有政治性——这就是为什么沿着意识形态路线分裂的决策如此容易被视为不公正而被驳回。

Of course, it is precisely these superfluous things that define human culture and ultimately what it is to be human. Downloading and consuming culture requires great skills, but failing to move beyond downloading is to strip oneself of a defining constituent of humanity.

当然，正是这些多余的事物定义了人类文化，并最终定义了人之为人。下载和消费文化需要高超的技能，但如果不能超越下载，就是剥夺了自身作为人类的一个决定性组成部分。

As a discovery claim works its way through the community, the interaction and confrontation between shared and competing beliefs about the science and the technology involved transforms an individual's discovery claim into the community's credible discovery.

当一项发现声明在科学界传播时，关于所涉及的科学和技术的共享信念与相互竞争的信念之间的互动和对抗，将个人的发现声明转变为科学界的可信发现。

The research of Till Von Wachter, the economist at Columbia University, suggests that not all people graduating into a recession see their life chances dimmed: those with degrees from elite universities catch up fairly quickly to where they otherwise would have been if they had graduated in better times; it is the masses beneath them that are left behind.

哥伦比亚大学经济学家Till Von Wachter的研究表明，并非所有在经济衰退期毕业的人都会看到他们的人生机会变得黯淡：那些拥有精英大学学位的人会相当快地赶上如果他们在好时期毕业本该达到的位置；被落在后面的是他们之下的大众。

Chomsky's grammar should show patterns of language change that are independent of the family tree or the pathway tracked through it, whereas Greenbergian universality predicts strong co-dependencies between particular types of word-order relations.

乔姆斯基的语法应该展现出语言变化的模式，这些模式独立于语系树或通过语系树追踪的路径，而格林伯格的普遍性则预测特定类型的语序关系之间存在强烈的相互依存性。

But in her new book Join the Club, Tina Rosenberg contends that peer pressure can also be a positive force through what she calls the social cure, in which organizations and officials use the power of group dynamics to help individuals improve their lives and possibly the world.

但在她的新书《加入俱乐部》中，蒂娜·罗森伯格主张，同伴压力也可以通过她所谓的社会治疗成为一种积极力量，在这种社会治疗中，组织和官员利用群体动态的力量来帮助个人改善他们的生活，并可能改善整个世界。

The legal issues in the case are obscure: whereas the Supreme Court has ruled that states do have some regulatory authority over nuclear power, legal scholars say that Vermont case will offer a precedent-setting test of how far those powers extend.

该案件中的法律问题是模糊的：尽管最高法院已经裁定各州确实对核能拥有一定的监管权，但法律学者表示，佛蒙特州的案件将提供一个开创先例的测试，以检验这些权力能延伸到何种程度。

Humans are unique in their capacity to not only make tools but then turn around and use them to create superfluous material goods – paintings, sculpture and architecture – and superfluous experiences – music, literature, religion and philosophy.

人类在其能力方面是独特的，不仅能制造工具，然后转而使用它们来创造多余的物质产品——绘画、雕塑和建筑——以及多余的体验——音乐、文学、宗教和哲学。

This is because the networked computer has sparked a secret war between downloading and uploading – between passive consumption and active creation – whose outcome will shape our collective future in ways we can only begin to imagine.

这是因为联网计算机已经引发了一场下载与上传之间的秘密战争——被动消费与主动创造之间的战争——其结果将以我们只能开始想象的方式塑造我们的集体未来。

Of course, it is precisely these superfluous things that define human culture and ultimately what it is to be human. Downloading and consuming culture requires great skills, but failing to move beyond downloading is to strip oneself of a defining constituent of humanity.

当然，正是这些多余的事物定义了人类文化，并最终定义了何为人类。下载和消费文化需要高超的技能，但未能超越下载就是剥夺自己人性的一个决定性组成部分。

The challenge the computer mounts to television thus bears little similarity to one format being replaced by another in the manner of record players being replaced by CD players.

因此，计算机对电视构成的挑战与一种格式被另一种格式取代（如黑胶唱片机被CD播放机取代的方式）几乎没有相似之处。

Instead, the company has done precisely what it had long promised it would not: challenge the constitutionality of Vermont's rules in the federal court, as part of a desperate effort to keep its Vermont Yankee nuclear power plant running.

相反，该公司恰恰做了它长期以来承诺不会做的事情：在联邦法院挑战佛蒙特州规则的合宪性，作为维持其佛蒙特扬基核电站运行的孤注一掷的努力的一部分。

The second, by Joshua Greenberg, takes a more empirical approach to universality, identifying traits (particularly in word order) shared by many languages, which are considered to represent biases that result from cognitive constraints.

第二个，由约书亚·格林伯格提出，采用了一种更具经验主义的普遍性研究方法，识别出许多语言共有的特征（尤其是在词序方面），这些特征被认为代表了由认知限制导致的偏见。

Even after the advent of widespread social media, a pyramid of production remains, with a small number of people uploading material, a slightly larger group commenting on or modifying that content, and a huge percentage remaining content to just consume.

即使在广泛的社交媒体出现之后，一个生产金字塔仍然存在，有一小部分人上传材料，一个稍大的群体评论或修改该内容，并且有很大比例的人满足于仅仅消费。

This could be no more than a passing literary craze, but it also points to a broader truth about how we now approach the past: less concerned with learning from our forefathers and more interested in feeling their pain.

这可能只不过是一股短暂的文学热潮，但它也指出了一个关于我们现在如何对待过去的更广泛的真相：不太关心向我们的祖先学习，而更感兴趣于感受他们的痛苦。

The company seems to have concluded that its reputation in Vermont is already so damaged that it has nothing left to lose by going to war with the state.

该公司似乎已得出结论，其在佛蒙特州的声誉已严重受损，以至于与该州开战已无任何损失可言。

Not only did they develop such a device, but by the turn of the millennium they had also managed to embed it in a worldwide system accessed by billions of people every day.

他们不仅开发了这样一种设备，而且到千禧年之交，他们还成功地将其嵌入到一个每天有数十亿人访问的全球系统中。

Far less certain, however, is how successfully experts and bureaucrats can select our peer groups and steer their activities in virtuous directions.

然而，远不确定的是，专家和官僚们能够多么成功地选择我们的同龄人群体并将他们的活动引向良性方向。

That kind of activity makes it less likely that the court's decisions will be accepted as impartial judgments.

那种活动使得法院的判决被接受为公正的裁决的可能性降低。

Within the complex social structure of the scientific community, researchers make discoveries; editors and reviewers act as gatekeepers by controlling the publication process; other scientists use the new finding to suit their own purposes; and finally, the public (including other scientists) receives the new discovery and possibly accompanying technology.

在科学界复杂的社会结构内部，研究人员做出发现；编辑和审稿人通过控制出版流程充当守门人；其他科学家利用新发现来满足自己的目的；最后，公众（包括其他科学家）接收这项新发现以及可能随之而来的技术。

The most famous of these efforts was initiated by Noam Chomsky, who suggested that humans are born with an innate language-acquisition capacity that dictates a universal grammar.

这些努力中最著名的是由诺姆·乔姆斯基发起的，他提出人类天生具有一种规定了普遍语法的内在语言习得能力。

In the idealized version of how science is done, facts about the world are waiting to be observed and collected by objective researchers who use the scientific method to carry out their work.

在科学如何进行的理想化版本中，关于世界的事实正等待着被客观的研究人员观察和收集，这些研究人员使用科学方法来开展他们的工作。

It was only after "toddler" became a common shoppers' term that it evolved into a broadly accepted developmental stage.

只有在“学步儿童”成为一个常见的购物者术语之后，它才演变成一个被广泛接受的发展阶段。

Critics make three main arguments against gene patents: a gene is a product of nature, so it may not be patented; gene patents suppress innovation rather than reward it; and patents' monopolies restrict access to genetic tests such as Myriad's.

批评者提出了三个反对基因专利的主要论点：基因是自然的产物，因此可能不被授予专利；基因专利抑制创新而非奖励创新；并且专利垄断限制了对如Myriad公司等基因检测的获取。

That would make rulings more likely to be seen as separate from politics and, as a result, convincing as law.

那将使裁决更有可能被视为独立于政治，并且因此，作为法律具有说服力。

Whole new realms of understanding – from gender to race to cultural studies – were opened up as scholars unpicked the multiplicity of lost societies.

全新的理解领域——从性别到种族再到文化研究——随着学者们对失落社会多样性的深入剖析而被开辟出来。

A few generative rules are then sufficient to unfold the entire fundamental structure of a language, which is why children can learn it so quickly.

一些生成规则便足以展现一种语言的全部基本结构，这就是为什么儿童能如此快速地学习它。

For them, history did nothing, it possessed no immense wealth nor waged battles: "It is man, real, living man who does all that."

对他们而言，历史什么也没做，它既没有拥有巨大的财富，也没有发动战争：“正是人，真实的、活生生的人做了所有这一切。”

As such, it needed to appreciate the economic realities, the social contexts and power relations in which each epoch stood.

因此，它需要理解每个时代所处的经济现实、社会背景和权力关系。

Not only did they develop such a device, but by the turn of the millennium they had also managed to embed it in a worldwide system accessed by billions of people every day.

他们不仅开发了这样一种设备，而且在千禧年之交，他们还成功地将其嵌入到一个每天有数十亿人访问的全球系统中。

This is because the networked computer has sparked a secret war between downloading and uploading – between passive consumption and active creation – whose outcome will shape our collective future in ways we can only begin to imagine.

这是因为联网计算机已经引发了一场在下载与上传之间——在被动消费与主动创造之间——的秘密战争，其结果将以我们只能开始想象的方式塑造我们的集体未来。

"Dare to be different, please don't smoke!" pleads one billboard campaign aimed at reducing smoking among teenagers—teenagers, who desire nothing more than fitting in.

"敢于与众不同，请不要吸烟！" 一个旨在减少青少年吸烟的广告牌宣传活动呼吁道——青少年，他们只渴望融入群体。

Even though there is plenty of evidence that the quality of the teachers is the most important variable, teachers' unions have fought against getting rid of bad ones and promoting good ones.

即使有大量证据表明教师的质量是最重要的变量，教师工会也一直反对解雇差的教师并提拔好的教师。

Anti-immigrant sentiment typically increases, as does conflict between races and classes.

反移民情绪通常会加剧，种族和阶级之间的冲突也是如此。

In October the Department of Justice filed a brief in the Myriad case, arguing that an isolated DNA molecule "is no less a product of nature…than are cotton fibres that have been separated from cotton seeds."

在十月，司法部在Myriad案中提交了一份简报，主张一个孤立的DNA分子“与从棉籽中分离出来的棉纤维一样是自然产物”。

Just as the bewildering variety of human courtship rituals might all be considered forms of sexual selection, perhaps the world's languages, music, social and religious customs and even history are governed by universal features.

正如人类求偶仪式令人眼花缭乱的多样性可能都被视为性选择的形式一样，或许世界上的语言、音乐、社会和宗教习俗乃至历史都受普遍特征支配。

A federal appeals court overturned the prior decision, ruling that Myriad Genetics could indeed hold patents to two genes that help forecast a woman's risk of breast cancer.

一家联邦上诉法院推翻了先前的裁决，裁定Myriad Genetics公司确实可以持有有助于预测女性乳腺癌风险的两个基因的专利。

My definition revolves around the concept of "stickiness" – creations and experiences to which others adhere.

我的定义围绕着“黏性”这一概念展开 —— 即其他人所坚持遵循的创造和体验。

A string of accidents, including the partial collapse of a cooling tower in 2007 and the discovery of an underground pipe system leakage, raised serious questions about both Vermont Yankee's safety and Entergy's management – especially after the company made misleading statements about the pipe.

一系列事故，包括2007年一座冷却塔的部分倒塌以及地下管道系统泄漏的发现，引发了关于佛蒙特扬基核电站的安全性和安特吉公司管理的严重问题——尤其是在该公司就管道发表误导性声明之后。

Unfortunately, L.A. Unified has produced an inflexible policy which mandates that with the exception of some advanced courses, homework may no longer count for more than 10% of a student's academic grade.

不幸的是，洛杉矶联合学区制定了一项僵化的政策，该政策规定，除了一些高级课程外，家庭作业在学生学业成绩中所占比例不得再超过10%。

Pyle was famous for covering the human side of the war, writing about the dirt-snow-and-mud soldiers, not how many miles were gained or what towns were captured or liberated.

派尔以报道战争中人性的一面而闻名，他写的是那些在泥泞、雪地和泥沼中的士兵，而不是推进了多少英里，或者占领或解放了哪些城镇。

To the men and women who served in World War II and the people they liberated, the G.I. was the common man grown into hero, the poor farm kid torn away from his home, the guy who bore all the burdens of battle, who slept in cold foxholes, who went without the necessities of food and shelter, who stuck it out and drove back the Nazi reign of murder.

对于曾在第二次世界大战中服役的男男女女以及他们所解放的人民而言，美国大兵是成长为英雄的普通人，是被迫离开家园的贫苦农家子弟，是承担所有战斗重担、睡在冰冷散兵坑、缺乏食物和住所等必需品、坚持到底并击退纳粹杀戮统治的人。

For example, it is unclear whether the sequencing of a whole genome violates the patents of individual genes within it.

例如，尚不清楚对整个基因组的测序是否侵犯其中单个基因的专利。

The homework rules should be put on hold while the school board, which is responsible for setting educational policy, looks into the matter and conducts public hearings.

家庭作业规则应暂停实施，与此同时负责制定教育政策的学校董事会调查此事并举行公开听证会。

They fear that it hurts their economies, depriving them of much-needed skilled workers who could have taught at their universities, worked in their hospitals and come up with clever new products for their factories to make.

他们担心这会损害他们的经济，使他们失去急需的熟练工人，这些工人本可以在他们的大学里教书、在他们的医院里工作，并为他们的工厂想出聪明的新产品来生产。

Many said that unemployment, while extremely painful, had improved them in some ways: they had become less materialistic and more financially prudent; they were more aware of the struggles of others.

许多人说，失业虽然极其痛苦，但在某些方面改善了他们：他们变得不那么物质主义，在财务上更谨慎；他们更能意识到他人的困境。

He appears as a character, or a collection of American personalities, in the 1945 movie The Story of G.I. Joe, based on the last days of war correspondent Ernie Pyle.

他在1945年的电影《美国大兵乔的故事》中作为一个角色或一系列美国人物形象出现，该电影基于战地记者厄尼·派尔生命的最后几天。

This is the credibility process, through which the individual researcher's me, here, now becomes the community's anyone, anywhere, anytime.

这就是可信度形成过程，通过这个过程，个体研究者的“我”，此时此地，变成了共同体的“任何人”，任何地点，任何时间。

"Universal history, the history of what man has accomplished in this world, is at bottom the History of the Great Men who have worked here," wrote the Victorian sage Thomas Carlyle.

"世界通史，即人类在这个世界上所取得成就的历史，本质上是那些曾在这里奋斗过的伟人的历史，"维多利亚时代的智者托马斯·卡莱尔写道。