2015年考研英语真题长难句

Rather, we ascribe meanings to texts on the basis of interaction between what we might call textual and contextual material: between kinds of organization or patterning we perceive in a text's formal structures (so especially its language structures) and various kinds of background, social knowledge, belief and attitude that we bring to the text.

相反，我们赋予文本意义是基于我们所称的文本材料和语境材料之间的互动：这种互动存在于我们在文本的形式结构（尤其是其语言结构）中感知的组织或模式的种类，以及我们带入文本的各种背景、社会知识、信仰和态度之间。

Precisely because readers from different historical periods, places and social experiences produce different but overlapping readings of the same words on the page–including for texts that engage with fundamental human concerns – debates about texts can play an important role in social discussion of beliefs and values.

正是因为来自不同历史时期、地域和社会经历的读者会对页面上相同的文字产生不同但又相互重叠的解读——包括那些涉及人类基本关切的文本——关于文本的争论能够在信仰和价值观的社会讨论中发挥重要作用。

Rather, we ascribe meanings to texts on the basis of interaction between what we might call textual and contextual material: between kinds of organization or patterning we perceive in a text's formal structures (so especially its language structures) and various kinds of background, social knowledge, belief and attitude that we bring to the text.

更确切地说，我们将意义归因于文本，是基于我们可称之为文本材料与语境材料之间的相互作用：即我们在文本的形式结构（尤其是其语言结构）中感知到的各种组织或模式，与我们带入文本的各种背景、社会知识、信念及态度之间的相互作用。

This same absence of moral purpose was wounding companies such as News International, she thought, making it more likely that it would lose its way as it had with widespread illegal telephone hacking.

她认为，这种同样缺乏道德目的的情况正在伤害诸如新闻国际这样的公司，使其更有可能像过去普遍存在的非法电话窃听事件那样迷失方向。

This has created "a paradox" in that recruiting first-generation students, but then watching many of them fail, means that higher education has "continued to reproduce and widen, rather than close" an achievement gap based on social class, according to the depressing beginning of a paper forthcoming in the journal Psychological Science.

这就造成了“一种悖论”，即招收第一代大学生，但随后看着他们中的许多人失败，这意味着高等教育“继续复制和扩大，而非缩小”基于社会阶层的成就差距，根据即将发表在《心理科学》期刊上的一篇论文的令人沮丧的开头所述。

Integrity had collapsed, she argued, because of a collective acceptance that the only "sorting mechanism" in society should be profit and the market.

诚信已经崩塌，她认为，因为一种集体接受，即社会中唯一的“分类机制”应该是利润和市场。

Asked whether any particular papers had impelled the change, McNutt said: "The creation of the 'statistics board' was motivated by concerns broadly with the application of statistics and data analysis in scientific research and is part of Science's overall drive to increase reproducibility in the research we publish."

当被问及是否有特定的论文推动了这一变化时，麦克纳特说：“‘统计委员会’的成立是受到对科学研究中统计和数据分析应用的广泛担忧的推动，并且是《科学》杂志提高我们所发表研究的可重复性的整体努力的一部分。”

Orin Kerr, a law professor, compares the explosion and accessibility of digital information in the 21st century with the establishment of automobile use as a virtual necessity of life in the 20th: The justices had to specify novel rules for the new personal domain of the passenger car then; they must sort out how the Fourth Amendment applies to digital information now.

法学教授奥林·克尔将21世纪数字信息的爆炸式增长和可获取性与20世纪汽车使用成为一种虚拟生活必需品的确立进行比较：当时法官们必须为乘用车这一新的个人领域制定新规则；现在他们必须弄清楚第四修正案如何适用于数字信息。

You make further inferences, for instance, about how the text may be significant to you, or about its validity – inferences that form the basis of a personal response for which the author will inevitably be far less responsible.

你做出进一步的推断，例如，关于文本对你可能有何意义，或关于其有效性——这些推断构成个人回应的基础，对此作者不可避免地要承担少得多的责任。

Symbolic of national unity as they claim to be, their very history – and sometimes the way they behave today – embodies outdated and indefensible privileges and inequalities.

尽管他们声称具有国家统一的象征意义，但他们自身的历史——有时还有他们如今的行为方式——体现了过时且站不住脚的特权与不平等。

In many respects, the dearth of moral purpose frames not only the fact of such widespread phone hacking but the terms on which the trial took place.

在许多方面，道德目的的缺乏不仅构成了这种广泛的电话窃听事实，而且构成了审判进行的条件。

And so, the Middle East excepted, Europe is the most monarch-infested region in the world, with 10 kingdoms (not counting Vatican city and Andorra).

因此，中东地区除外，欧洲是世界上君主制最密集的地区，有10个王国（不算梵蒂冈城和安道尔）。

It is this apparent transcendence of politics that explains monarchs' continuing popularity as heads of state.

正是这种对政治的明显超越解释了君主作为国家元首的持续受欢迎。

You make further inferences, for instance, about how the text may be significant to you, or about its validity – inferences that form the basis of a personal response for which the author will inevitably be far less responsible.

你会做出进一步的推断，例如，关于文本对你可能有何意义，或者关于其有效性——这些推断构成了个人回应的基础，而作者对此不可避免地要承担少得多的责任。

The policy follows similar efforts from other journals, after widespread concern that basic mistakes in data analysis are contributing to the irreproducibility of many published research findings.

该政策效仿了其他期刊的类似举措，此前人们广泛担忧数据分析中的基本错误正导致许多已发表研究成果无法重复。

Such dimensions of reading suggest – as others introduced later in the book will also do – that we bring an implicit (often unacknowledged) agenda to any act of reading.

阅读的这些维度表明——正如本书后面介绍的其他维度也会表明的那样——我们给任何阅读行为都带来一个隐含的（通常未被承认的）议程。

The Supreme Court will now consider whether police can search the contents of a mobile phone without a warrant if the phone is on or around a person during an arrest.

最高法院现在将考虑警察在逮捕期间如果手机在某人身上或其周围，是否可以在没有搜查令的情况下搜查手机内容。

In a workplace that's fundamentally indifferent to your life and its meaning, office speak can help you figure out how you relate to your work – and how your work defines who you are.

在一个对你的生活及其意义根本漠不关心的工作场所中，办公室用语可以帮助你弄清楚你如何与工作相关联——以及你的工作如何定义你是谁。

California has asked the justices to refrain from a sweeping ruling, particularly one that upsets the old assumption that authorities may search through the possessions of suspects at the time of their arrest.

加利福尼亚州已要求法官们避免做出一项全面性的裁决，尤其是一项会推翻当局在逮捕嫌疑人时可搜查其财物这一旧有假设的裁决。

But the article is actually quite optimistic, as it outlines a potential solution to this problem, suggesting that an approach (which involves a one-hour, next-to-no-cost program) can close 63 percent of the achievement gap (measured by such factors as grades) between first-generation and other students.

但是这篇文章实际上相当乐观，因为它概述了这个问题的一个潜在解决方案，表明一种方法（包括一个一小时、几乎无成本的项目）可以缩小第一代学生和其他学生之间63%的成绩差距（通过诸如成绩等因素来衡量）。

If you are unfamiliar with words or idioms, you guess at their meaning, using clues presented in the context. On the assumption that they will become relevant later, you make a mental note of discourse entities as well as possible links between them.

如果你不熟悉单词或习语，你会猜测它们的意思，使用上下文中呈现的线索。基于它们稍后会变得相关的假设，你会对语篇实体以及它们之间可能的联系做一个心理记录。

The "mommy wars" of the 1990s are still going on today, prompting arguments about why women still can't have it all and books like Sheryl Sandberg's Lean In, whose title has become a buzzword in its own right.

20世纪90年代的“妈妈战争”至今仍在继续，引发了关于女性为何仍然不能拥有一切的争论，以及像谢丽尔·桑德伯格的《向前一步》这样的书籍，其标题本身已成为一个流行词。

But unlike their absolutist counterparts in the Gulf and Asia, most royal families have survived because they allow voters to avoid the difficult search for a non-controversial but respected public figure.

但与海湾地区和亚洲的绝对主义对应者不同，大多数王室得以存续，因为他们允许选民避免寻找一个无争议但受尊敬的公众人物的困难过程。

Vaux says that Science's idea to pass some papers to statisticians "has some merit, but a weakness is that it relies on the board of reviewing editors to identify 'the papers that need scrutiny' in the first place".

沃克斯说，《科学》杂志将一些论文交给统计学家的想法“有一定的价值，但一个缺点是，它首先依赖于审稿编辑委员会来识别‘需要仔细审查的论文’”。

The danger will come with Charles, who has both an expensive taste of lifestyle and a pretty hierarchical view of the world.

危险将伴随查尔斯而来，他既有昂贵的生活方式品味，又有相当等级制的世界观。

While Europe's monarchies will no doubt be smart enough to survive for some time to come, it is the British royals who have most to fear from the Spanish example.

尽管欧洲的君主制无疑将足够明智地存续一段时间，但是英国王室从西班牙的例子中最有理由感到恐惧。

They should start by discarding California's lame argument that exploring the contents of a smartphone – a vast storehouse of digital information – is similar to, say, going through a suspect's purse.

他们应该首先摒弃加利福尼亚州站不住脚的论点，即探索智能手机——一个庞大的数字信息仓库——的内容类似于，比如说，搜查嫌疑人的钱包。

This is hacking on an industrial scale, as was acknowledged by Glenn Mulcaire, the man hired by the News of the World in 2001 to be the point person for phone hacking.

正如格伦·穆尔凯尔所承认的那样，这是一种工业规模的黑客行为，他是2001年《世界新闻报》雇佣的负责电话窃听的关键人物。

Rare is the household in which the division of labor is so clinically and methodically laid out.

很少有家庭的劳动分工被如此精确且有条理地规划出来。

It is only the Queen who has preserved the monarchy's reputation with her rather ordinary (if well-heeled) granny style.

只有女王以她相当普通（如果说富裕的话）的奶奶风格维护了君主制的声誉。

These terms are also intended to infuse work with meaning – and, as Rakesh Khurana, another professor, points out, increase allegiance to the firm.

这些术语还旨在为工作注入意义——并且，正如另一位教授Rakesh Khurana所指出的，增加对公司的忠诚度。

He agreed to join because he "found the foresight behind the establishment of the SBoRE to be novel, unique and likely to have a lasting impact. This impact will not only be through the publications in Science itself, but hopefully through a larger group of publishing places that may want to model their approach after Science."

他同意加入，因为他“发现建立SBoRE背后的远见是新颖、独特的，并且可能会产生持久的影响。这种影响不仅会通过《科学》杂志本身的出版物产生，而且有望通过更多可能希望效仿《科学》做法的出版机构产生。”

But the result was a new social pattern which, although it resembled European society in many ways, had a character that was distinctly American.

但是结果是一种新的社会模式，这种模式虽然在很多方面类似于欧洲社会，但具有明显的美国特色。

Enough of the implications are discernable, even obvious, so that the justices can and should provide updated guidelines to police, lawyers and defendants.

足够多的含义是可辨别的，甚至是明显的，以至于法官能够并且应该向警察、律师和被告提供更新的指导方针。

Their thesis – that a relatively modest intervention could have a big impact – was based on the view that first-generation students may be most lacking not in potential but in practical knowledge about how to deal with the issues that face most college students.

他们的论点——即一个相对适度的干预可能会产生重大影响——是基于这样一种观点：第一代大学生最缺乏的可能不是潜力，而是关于如何处理大多数大学生面临的问题的实用知识。

In effect, you try to reconstruct the likely meanings or effects that any given sentence, image or reference might have had: These might be the ones the author intended.

实际上，你试图重建任何给定句子、图像或参考可能具有的可能含义或效果：这些可能是作者想要表达的。

Studying this could help understand why human evolution picked pace in the last 30,000 years, with social environment being a major contributory factor.

研究这一点可能有助于理解为什么人类进化在过去3万年加快了速度，社会环境是一个主要的促成因素。

If you are unfamiliar with words or idioms, you guess at their meaning, using clues presented in the context. On the assumption that they will become relevant later, you make a mental note of discourse entities as well as possible links between them.

如果你不熟悉单词或习语，你会猜测它们的意思，使用上下文中呈现的线索。基于它们稍后会变得相关的假设，你会在心里记下语篇实体以及它们之间可能的联系。

But they show comprehension to consist not just of passive assimilation but of active engagement in inference and problem-solving.

但它们表明理解不仅包括被动的吸收，还包括主动参与推理和解决问题。

The study is a genome-wide analysis conducted on 1,932 unique subjects which compared pairs of unrelated friends and unrelated strangers.

这项研究是一项对1932名独特受试者进行的全基因组分析，该分析比较了成对的无血缘关系朋友和无血缘关系陌生人。

As so often is the case, stating that principle doesn't ease the challenge of line-drawing.

情况往往如此，阐明那个原则并不能减轻划界的挑战。

"When Dr. Epley and Ms. Schroeder asked other people in the same train station to predict how they would feel after talking to a stranger, the commuters thought their ride would be more pleasant if they sat on their own," The New York Times summarizes.

《纽约时报》总结道：“当埃普利博士和施罗德女士让同一火车站的其他人预测与陌生人交谈后他们会有怎样的感受时，通勤者们认为，如果他们独自坐着，旅途会更愉快。”

You begin to infer a context for the text, for instance by making decisions about what kind of speech event is involved: Who is making the utterance, to whom, when and where.

你开始为文本推断语境，例如通过就涉及何种言语事件做出决定：谁在发出话语，对谁发出，何时以及何地发出。

At a time when Thomas Piketty and other economists are warning of rising inequality and the increasing power of inherited wealth, it is bizarre that wealthy aristocratic families should still be the symbolic heart of modern democratic states.

在托马斯·皮凯蒂和其他经济学家警告不平等加剧以及继承财富的力量日益增强之际，富裕的贵族家庭竟然仍然是现代民主国家的象征性核心，这是很奇怪的。

Not only are the tasks apparently infinite, the co-workers are much harder to motivate.

不仅任务显然是无限的，同事们也更难被激励。

Charles ought to know that as English history shows, it is kings, not republicans, who are the monarchy's worst enemies.

查尔斯应当知道，正如英国历史所表明的那样，是国王们，而非共和党人，才是君主制最可怕的敌人。

This is the well-travelled road effect: People tend to underestimate the time it takes to travel a familiar route.

这就是熟路效应：人们往往会低估走熟悉路线所花费的时间。

The court has ruled that police don't violate the Fourth Amendment when they go through the wallet or pocketbook of an arrestee without a warrant.

法院已裁定，警察在没有搜查令的情况下检查被捕者的钱包或皮夹时，不违反第四修正案。

Here was the raw material of houses and furniture, ships and potash, dyes and naval stores.

这里有房屋和家具、船只和钾肥、染料和海军补给品的原材料。

Even so, these are wealthy families who party with the international 1%, and media intrusiveness makes it increasingly difficult to maintain the right image.

即便如此，这些是与国际1%人群聚会的富裕家庭，并且媒体侵扰使维持正确形象变得日益困难。