2021年考研英语真题长难句

And if the postgraduate student population also grows rapidly and there is loss of a close apprenticeship relationship between faculty members and students, the student culture becomes the chief socializing force for new postgraduate students, with consequences for the intellectual and academic life of the institution-this was seen in America as well as in France, Italy, West Germany, and Japan.

并且如果研究生人数也迅速增长，并且师生之间紧密的师徒关系有所丧失，那么学生文化就会成为新研究生的主要社会化力量，这对该机构的学术和知识生活产生影响——这一点在美国、法国、意大利、西德和日本都能看到。

We're fairly good at judging people based on first impressions, thin slices of experience ranging from a glimpse of a photo to five-minute interaction, and deliberation can be not only extraneous but intrusive.

我们相当擅长基于第一印象、从瞥一眼照片到五分钟互动的少量经验片段来评判他人，而且深思熟虑不仅可能是多余的，还可能是干扰性的。

Ambady suspected that deliberation focused them on vivid but misleading cues, such as certain gestures or utterances, rather than letting the complex interplay of subtle signals form a holistic impression.

安巴迪怀疑，深思熟虑使他们专注于生动但具有误导性的线索，例如某些手势或话语，而不是让微妙信号的复杂相互作用形成整体印象。

That's why there has been such a strong demand for rules that would prevent broadband providers from picking winners and losers online, preserving the freedom and innovation that have been the lifeblood of the Internet.

这就是为什么一直存在如此强烈的规则需求，这些规则将阻止宽带提供商在线挑选赢家和输家，维护作为互联网生命线的自由和创新。

Given their combined market value of more than $5.5 trillion, rifling through such small deals—many of them much less prominent than Wunderlist and Sunrise—might seem beside the point.

考虑到它们超过5.5万亿美元的总市值，仔细检查这些小型交易——其中许多远不如Wunderlist和Sunrise那么知名——可能似乎离题了。

The thought of holding a fixed grin as the camera performed its magical duties was too much to contemplate, and so a non-committal blank stare became the norm.

当相机履行其神奇职责时，保持固定笑容的想法太难以想象，因此一种不置可否的茫然凝视成为了常态。

In one study, participants completed a battery of eight tasks, including four that tapped reflective thinking (discerning rules, comprehending vocabulary) and four that tapped intuition and creativity (generating new products or figures of speech).

在一项研究中，参与者完成了一系列八项任务，包括四项涉及反思性思维的任务（辨别规则、理解词汇）和四项涉及直觉与创造力的任务（生成新产品或修辞手法）。

The commission argued that other agencies would protect against anti-competitive behavior, such as a broadband-providing conglomerate like AT&T favoring its own video-streaming service at the expense of Netflix and Apple TV.

该委员会认为，其他机构将防范反竞争行为，例如像AT&T这样的宽带提供集团以牺牲Netflix和Apple TV为代价偏袒自己的视频流媒体服务。

Equally, there is a sense that the travails of commuters in the South East, many of whom will face among the biggest rises, have received too much attention compared to those who must endure the relatively poor infrastructure of the Midlands and the North.

同样地，有一种观点认为，东南部通勤者的艰辛——其中许多人将面临最大幅度的上涨——与那些必须忍受中部和北部相对较差基础设施的人相比，受到了过多的关注。

A toothy grin (especially when there were gaps or blackened gnashers) lacked class: drunks, tramps, and music hall performers might gurn and grin with a smile as wide as Lewis Carroll's gum-exposing Cheshire Cat, but it was not a becoming look for properly bred persons.

一个露齿的笑容（尤其是当有牙缝或发黑的牙齿时）缺乏格调：醉汉、流浪汉和音乐厅表演者可能会做鬼脸并咧嘴笑，笑容像刘易斯·卡罗尔笔下露出牙龈的柴郡猫一样宽，但这对有良好教养的人来说不是一种得体的样子。

Yes, more investment is needed, but passengers will not be willing to pay more indefinitely if they must also endure cramped, unreliable services, punctuated by regular chaos when timetables are changed, or planned maintenance is managed incompetently.

是的，需要更多投资，但如果乘客还必须忍受拥挤、不可靠的服务，以及时刻表更改或计划维护管理不善所带来的定期混乱，他们将不会无限期地愿意支付更多费用。

Of course, I need to concede that my collection of 'Smiling Victorians' makes up only a tiny percentage of the vast catalogue of photographic portraiture created between 1840 and 1900, the majority of which show sitters posing miserably and stiffly in front of painted backdrops, or staring absently into the middle distance.

当然，我需要承认，我的“微笑的维多利亚人”藏品只占1840年至1900年间创作的大量摄影肖像作品目录的极小百分比，其中大多数展示的是被拍摄者在彩绘背景前痛苦而僵硬地摆姿势，或者茫然地凝视着远方。

They are noting that the Victorians suddenly seem to become more human as the hundred-or-so years that separate us fade away through our common experience of laughter.

他们注意到，随着大约一百年将我们分隔的岁月通过我们共同的笑声体验逐渐消逝，维多利亚时代的人们突然似乎变得更具人性了。

Although only a research project at this stage, the request has raised the prospect of regulators wading into early-stage tech markets that until now have been beyond their reach.

尽管现阶段只是一个研究项目，但该请求已经提高了监管机构涉足早期科技市场的可能性，这些市场到目前为止一直是他们无法触及的。

However, there is a strong case that those who have been worst affected by industrial action should receive compensation for the disruption they have suffered.

然而，有充分的理由认为，那些受工业行动影响最严重的人应该因他们所遭受的扰乱而获得赔偿。

For individual companies, the temptation is always to let go of workers whose skills are no longer in demand and replace them with those whose skills are.

对于个体公司而言，诱惑总是解雇那些技能不再被需要的工人，并用那些技能被需要的工人取代他们。

"There are experiments that show that, naturally, the results of interviews are much more biased than what AI does," says Pedro Domingos, author of The Master Algorithm: How the Quest for the Ultimate Learning Machine Will Remake Our World and a computer science professor at the University of Washington.

“有实验表明，自然地，访谈的结果比人工智能所做的要偏颇得多。”佩德罗·多明戈斯说，他是《终极算法：寻求终极学习机器将如何重塑我们的世界》的作者，同时也是华盛顿大学的计算机科学教授。

But exposure times were much quicker by the 1880s, and the introduction of the Box Brownie and other portable cameras meant that, though slow by today's digital standards, the exposure was almost instantaneous.

但是到19世纪80年代，曝光时间已经快得多了，并且布朗尼盒式相机和其他便携式相机的问世意味着，尽管以当今的数字标准来看很慢，但曝光几乎是瞬时的。

That supplies 80 per cent of what is consumed, so even covering the whole country in livestock farms wouldn't allow us to cover all our meat and dairy needs.

那提供了所消耗的80%，所以即使在全国范围内覆盖畜牧场也无法让我们满足所有的肉类和乳制品需求。

As a historian who's always searching for the text or the image that makes us re-evaluate the past, I've become preoccupied with looking for photographs that show our Victorian ancestors smiling (what better way to shatter the image of 19th-century prudery?).

作为一名总是在寻找能让我们重新评估过去的文本或图像的历史学家，我已经专注于寻找展示我们维多利亚时代祖先微笑的照片（还有什么更好的方式来打破19世纪拘谨的形象呢？）。

AT&T is often given as the gold standard of a company who decided to do a massive reskilling program rather than go with a fire-and-hire strategy.

AT&T常被作为一家公司的黄金标准，这家公司决定实施大规模的再培训项目，而不是采用解雇后再招聘的策略。

However, critics say the big companies use such deals to buy their most threatening potential competitors before their businesses have a chance to gain momentum, in some cases as part of a "buy and kill" tactic to simply close them down.

然而，批评人士表示，大公司利用此类交易，在他们的业务有机会获得发展势头之前，就收购他们最具威胁的潜在竞争对手，在某些情况下，作为“收购并扼杀”策略的一部分，仅仅是为了关闭它们。

The researchers also argued that when we shy away from casual interactions with strangers, it is often due to a misplaced anxiety that they might not want to talk to us.

研究人员还认为，当我们回避与陌生人的随意互动时，这往往是由于一种错位的焦虑，即他们可能不想和我们说话。

The researchers looked at data that included measurements of lean muscle and abdominal fat from more than 4,000 middle- to older-aged men and women and compared that data to reported changes in fluid intelligence over a six-year period.

研究人员查看了包含超过4000名中老年男性和女性的瘦肌肉和腹部脂肪测量数据，并将该数据与六年期间流体智力的报告变化进行了比较。

You'll want to state it overtly, contextualizing your statements so that you're seen not as a disagreeable subordinate but as a colleague who's trying to advance a common objective.

你会想要公开地陈述它，将你的陈述置于具体情境中，这样你就不会被视为一个难相处的下属，而是被视为一个试图推进共同目标的同事。

Then they rated the degree to which they had used intuition ("gut feelings," "hunches," "my heart").

然后他们对自己使用直觉（“直觉”、“预感”、“内心感受”）的程度进行了评分。

When it comes to AI in business, we often hear about it in relation to automation and the impending loss of jobs, but in what ways is AI changing companies and the larger economy that don't involve doom-and-gloom mass unemployment predictions?

当谈到商业中的人工智能时，我们经常听到它与自动化和即将到来的就业岗位流失有关，但人工智能正在以哪些不涉及悲观的大规模失业预测的方式改变公司和更大的经济？

That seems to be the case in Sweden: When forced to furlough 90 per cent of their cabin staff, Scandinavian Airlines decided to start up a short retraining program that reskilled the laid-off workers to support hospital staff.

瑞典的情况似乎就是这样：当被迫解雇90%的空乘人员时，斯堪的纳维亚航空公司决定启动一个短期再培训项目，该项目重新培训被解雇的工人以支持医院工作人员。

Efforts in Canada and elsewhere have been arguably languid at best, and have given us a situation where we frequently hear of employers begging for workers, even at times and in regions where unemployment is high.

加拿大和其他地方的努力可以说充其量是迟缓的，并且给我们带来了一种情况，即我们经常听说雇主在招工，即使在失业率高的时期和地区也是如此。

The Government has pledged to change the law to introduce a minimum service requirement so that, even when strikes occur, services can continue to operate.

政府已承诺修改法律以引入最低服务要求，以便即使在罢工发生时，服务也能继续运营。

Successive governments have permitted such increases on the grounds that the cost of investing in and running the rail network should be borne by those who use it, rather than the general taxpayer.

历届政府允许这样的增长，理由是投资和运营铁路网络的成本应由使用它的人承担，而不是一般纳税人。

That means more battles like the one now going on between the Justice Department and California, which enacted a tough net neutrality law in the wake of the FCC's abdication.

那意味着更多类似当前司法部和加利福尼亚州之间正在进行的斗争，该州在联邦通信委员会放弃监管之后颁布了一项严格的网络中立性法律。

High growth rates increased the chances for academic innovation; they also weakened the forms and processes by which teachers and students are admitted into a community of scholars during periods of stability or slow growth.

高增长率增加了学术创新的机会；它们也削弱了在稳定或缓慢增长时期教师和学生被接纳进入学者群体的形式和流程。

The trick is not only to specify just one or even two dimensions of the objective, but also to understand how to help people better achieve the objective.

诀窍不仅是仅明确目标的一个甚至两个维度，而且是理解如何帮助人们更好地实现目标。

We know we are moving into a period where the jobs in demand will change rapidly, as will the requirements of the jobs that remain.

我们知道我们正进入一个时期，在这个时期里，需求中的工作岗位将迅速变化，而剩余工作岗位的要求也将随之变化。

Other research shows we're better at detecting deception from thin slices when we rely on intuition instead of reflection.

其他研究表明，当我们依靠直觉而非反思时，更善于从细微片段中察觉欺骗。

And people made car-buying decisions that were both objectively better and more personally satisfying when asked to focus on their feelings rather than on details, but only if the decision was complex—when they had a lot of information to process.

并且，当人们被要求关注自己的感受而非细节时，他们做出的购车决定在客观上更好且在个人层面更令人满意，但这仅当决策复杂时——即当他们有大量信息需要处理时。

These demands resulted in a very rapid expansion of the systems of higher education, beginning in the 1960s and developing very rapidly (though unevenly) during the 1970s and 1980s.

这些需求导致了高等教育体系的非常快速的扩张，始于20世纪60年代，并在20世纪70年代和80年代非常迅速地（尽管不均衡地）发展。

Whether this research translates elsewhere is anybody's guess.

这项研究是否在其他地方适用，谁也说不准。

For example, a high growth rate placed great strains on the existing structures of governance, of administration, and above all of socialization.

例如，高增长率给治理、行政以及最重要的是社会化方面的现有结构造成了巨大压力。

A flashing set of healthy and clean, regular 'pearly whites' was a rare sight in Victorian society, the preserve of the super-rich (and even then, dental hygiene was not guaranteed).

一排闪闪发光、健康洁净且整齐的“珍珠白”牙齿在维多利亚时代的社会中是罕见的景象，是超级富豪的专属（即便如此，牙齿卫生也无法保证）。

These are "tools that help people use data, not a replacement for people," says Patrick H. Winston, a professor of artificial intelligence and computer science at MIT.

这些是“帮助人们使用数据的工具，而不是对人的替代”，麻省理工学院人工智能与计算机科学教授Patrick H. Winston说。

A recent survey of manufacturing and service industries from Tata Consultancy Services found that companies currently use AI more often in computer-to-computer activities than in automating human activities.

塔塔咨询服务公司最近对制造业和服务业的一项调查发现，公司目前在计算机到计算机的活动中使用人工智能比在自动化人类活动中更频繁。

But even if you cannot close that gap, maybe you can close others, and doing so would be to the benefit of all concerned.

但是即使你不能弥合那个差距，也许你可以弥合其他差距，并且这样做将对所有相关人员有益。

Meanwhile there are steps you can take to help reduce abdominal fat and maintain lean muscle mass as you age in order to protect both your physical and mental well-being.

同时，随着年龄的增长，你可以采取一些措施来帮助减少腹部脂肪并保持瘦肌肉质量，以保护你的身心健康。

Even if we converted all the suitable land to fields of fruit and veg—which would involve taking out all the nature reserves and removing thousands of people from their homes—we would achieve only a 30 per cent boost in crop production.

即使我们把所有合适的土地都改造成水果和蔬菜田——这将涉及拆除所有自然保护区并将数千人从他们的家中迁出——我们也只能实现30%的作物产量增长。

Critically, another group was asked to spend a minute writing down reasons for their judgment, before giving the rating.

关键的是，另一组被要求花一分钟写下他们判断的理由，然后再给出评分。

According to a report on UK food production from the University of Leeds, UK, 85 per cent of the country's total land area is associated with meat and dairy production.

根据英国利兹大学关于英国食品生产的一份报告，该国85%的总土地面积与肉类和乳制品生产相关。

There is a good reason why the UK is dominated by animal husbandry: most of its terrain doesn't have the right soil or climate to grow crops on a commercial basis.

英国以畜牧业为主是有充分理由的：其大部分地形没有适宜的土壤或气候来进行商业化农作物种植。

That's because economic growth can be correlated with environmental degradation, while protecting the environment is sometimes correlated with greater poverty.

那是因为经济增长可能与环境退化相关，而保护环境有时与更严重的贫困相关。