2019年考研英语真题长难句

The cases the court overturned said that if a business was shipping a customer's purchase to a state where the business didn't have a physical presence such as a warehouse or office, the business didn't have to collect sales tax for the state.

法院推翻的那些案件称，如果一家企业将客户的购买物运往该企业没有实体存在（如仓库或办公室）的州，那么该企业不必为该州征收销售税。

Grade inflation – the gradual increase in average GPAs (grade-point averages) over the past few decades – is often considered a product of a consumer era in higher education, in which students are treated like customers to be pleased.

成绩膨胀——过去几十年平均学分绩点（GPA）的逐渐提高——通常被认为是高等教育消费时代的产物，在这个时代，学生被当作需要取悦的顾客来对待。

"There has been a kind of revival or a rethinking about what guilt is and what role guilt can serve," says Amrisha Vaish, a psychology researcher at the University of Virginia, adding that this revival is part of a larger recognition that emotions aren't binary – feelings that may be advantageous in one context may be harmful in another.

"有一种对愧疚是什么以及愧疚能起到什么作用的复兴或重新思考，"弗吉尼亚大学的心理学研究员阿姆里莎·瓦伊什说，并补充道这种复兴是一种更大认识的一部分，即情绪不是二元对立的——在一种情境中可能有利的情感在另一种情境中可能有害。

While the conversation around our environment and our responsibility toward it remains centered on shopping bags and straws, we're ignoring the balance of power that implies that as "consumers" we must shop sustainably, rather than as "citizens" hold our governments and industries to account to push for real systemic change.

尽管围绕我们的环境以及我们对其责任的讨论仍集中于购物袋和吸管，但我们却忽略了权力平衡，这种平衡暗示着，作为“消费者”我们必须可持续地购物，而不是作为“公民”让我们的政府和行业承担责任，以推动真正的系统性变革。

James Herriot, contrary to popular opinion, did not find it easy in his early days of, as he put it, "having a go at the writing game".

詹姆斯·赫里奥特，与普遍看法相反，并不觉得在他早期，用他的话来说，“尝试写作游戏”是容易的。

I came to recognise various signs of a bad paper: the kind of paper that purports to show that people who eat more than one kilo of broccoli a week were 1.17 times more likely than those who eat less to suffer late in life from pernicious anaemia.

我开始认识到一篇糟糕论文的各种迹象：那种论文声称表明每周食用超过一公斤西兰花的人，比那些食用量少的人晚年患恶性贫血的可能性高1.17倍。

There has been a kind of inflationary process at work: nowadays anyone applying for a research post has to have published twice the number of papers that would have been required for the same post only 10 years ago.

有一种通货膨胀式的过程在起作用：如今任何申请研究职位的人必须发表的论文数量是仅10年前同一职位所需数量的两倍。

This would be reasonable if it were not for the fact that scientists can easily arrange to cite themselves in their future publications, or get associates to do so for them in return for similar favours.

如果不是因为科学家们可以轻易地安排在他们未来的出版物中引用自己，或者让同事们为他们这样做以换取类似的帮助，这将是合理的。

It was only after I started to write a weekly column about the medical journals, and began to read scientific papers from beginning to end, that I realised just how bad much of the medical literature frequently was.

直到我开始撰写一个关于医学期刊的每周专栏，并开始从头到尾阅读科学论文之后，我才意识到医学文献中的很多内容常常是多么糟糕。

So does the idea that decisions made by AI systems should be explainable, transparent, and fair.

人工智能系统所做的决策应该是可解释、透明且公平的这一观点也是如此。

The climate change we are hastening could one day leave us with forests that emit more carbon than they absorb.

我们正在加速的气候变化终有一天可能会留给我们排放碳比吸收碳更多的森林。

For public institutions, state funds are sometimes tied partly to their success on metrics such as graduation rates and student retention – so better grades can, by boosting figures like those, mean more money.

对于公共机构而言，州政府资金有时部分与它们在诸如毕业率和学生留存率等指标上的成功挂钩——因此，通过提高此类数据，更好的成绩能够意味着更多的资金。

Just how people think is still far too complex to be understood, let alone reproduced, says David Eagleman, a Stanford University neuroscientist.

斯坦福大学神经科学家大卫·伊格曼说，人们思考的方式究竟有多复杂仍然难以理解，更不用说复制了。

For the low-sympathy kids, how much they shared appeared to turn on how inclined they were to feel guilty.

对于低同情心的孩子，他们分享了多少似乎取决于他们有多倾向于感到内疚。

If we readjust our view of arguments – from a verbal fight or tennis game to a reasoned exchange through which we all gain mutual respect, and understanding – then we change the very nature of what it means to "win" an argument.

如果我们重新调整我们对争论的看法——从一场言语上的争斗或网球比赛到一种我们都能获得相互尊重和理解的理性交流——那么我们就改变了“赢得”一场争论的真正本质。

Children aren't born knowing how to say "I'm sorry"; rather, they learn over time that such statements appease parents and friends – and their own consciences.

孩子们并非生来就知道如何说“对不起”；相反，他们随着时间推移了解到这样的表达能安抚父母和朋友——以及他们自己的良心。

But that doesn't mean crucial ethical issues involving AI aren't at hand.

但那并不意味着涉及人工智能的关键伦理问题不在眼前。

Only then will they be useful servants and not Frankenstein's out-of-control monster.

只有到那时，他们才会成为有用的仆人，而不是弗兰肯斯坦那失控的怪物。

Since students and parents expect a college degree to lead to a job, it is in the best interest of a school to turn out graduates who are as qualified as possible – or at least appear to be.

由于学生和家长期望大学学位能带来一份工作，因此学校的最佳利益在于培养出尽可能合格的毕业生——或者至少看起来是合格的。

This is the famed citation index, that is to say the number of times a paper has been quoted elsewhere in the scientific literature, the assumption being that an important paper will be cited more often than one of small account.

这就是著名的引文索引，也就是说，一篇论文在科学文献中被其他地方引用的次数，其假设是重要的论文比不重要的论文被引用得更频繁。

But another, related force – a policy often buried deep in course catalogs called "grade forgiveness" – is helping raise GPAs.

但是另一种相关的力量——一种常常深藏在课程目录中被称为“成绩宽恕”的政策——正在帮助提高平均学分绩点。

There is a great deal of this kind of nonsense in the medical journals which, when taken up by broadcasters and the lay press, generates both health scares and short-lived dietary enthusiasms.

医学期刊中存在大量此类无稽之谈，当这些内容被广播公司和非专业媒体采用时，会引发健康恐慌和短暂的饮食热潮。

"We are just in a situation where there are no good theories explaining what consciousness actually is and how you could ever build a machine to get there."

"我们只是处于一种没有好的理论来解释意识实际上是什么以及你如何能够建造一台机器来实现这一点的情况中。"

A recent paper, titled "The Natural Selection of Bad Science", published on the Royal Society's open science website, attempts to answer this intriguing and important question.

一篇最近的论文，标题为《坏科学的自然选择》，发表在英国皇家学会的开放科学网站上，试图回答这个有趣且重要的问题。

Amazon.com, with its network of warehouses, also collects sales tax in every state that charges it, though third-party sellers who use the site don't have to.

亚马逊公司，凭借其仓库网络，也在每个征收销售税的州收取销售税，尽管使用该网站的第三方卖家不必这样做。

Big chains have been collecting sales tax nationwide because they typically have physical stores in whatever state a purchase is being shipped to.

大型连锁店一直在全国范围内征收销售税，因为它们通常在购买商品被运往的任何州都有实体店。

The strategy also aims to ensure that carbon in woody material removed from the forests is locked away in the form of solid lumber or burned as biofuel in vehicles that would otherwise run on fossil fuels.

该策略还旨在确保从森林中移除的木质材料中的碳以固体木材的形式被封存，或在原本会使用化石燃料的车辆中作为生物燃料被燃烧。

Grade forgiveness allows students to retake a course in which they received a low grade, and the most recent grade or the highest grade is the only one that counts in calculating a student's overall GPA.

成绩豁免允许学生重修他们获得低分的课程，并且最近的成绩或最高的成绩是计算学生总平均绩点时唯一计入的成绩。

The Supreme Court's opinion Thursday overruled a pair of decades-old decisions that states said cost them billions of dollars in lost revenue annually.

最高法院周四的意见推翻了两项数十年前的裁决，各州称这些裁决每年使它们损失数十亿美元的收入。

Whenever decisions are based on masses of data, "you quickly get into a lot of ethical questions," notes Tan Kiat How, chief executive of a Singapore-based agency that is helping the government develop a voluntary code for the ethical use of AI.

每当决策基于大量数据时，“你很快就会陷入许多伦理问题，”新加坡一家帮助政府制定人工智能伦理使用自愿准则的机构的首席执行官陈杰豪指出。

But now most colleges, save for many selective campuses, allow all undergraduates, and even graduate students, to get their low grades forgiven.

但现在大多数大学，除了许多选择性的校园外，允许所有本科生，甚至研究生，去获得他们低分的原谅。

"Ultimately," said Jack Miner, Ohio State University's registrar, "we see students achieve more success because they retake a course and do better in subsequent courses or master the content that allows them to graduate on time."

"最终，"俄亥俄州立大学注册主任杰克·迈纳说，"我们看到学生取得更多成功，因为他们重修一门课程，在后续课程中表现更好，或者掌握了使他们能够按时毕业的内容。"

This aversion to arguments is common, but it depends on a mistaken view of arguments that causes profound problems for our personal and social lives – and in many ways misses the point of arguing in the first place.

这种对争论的厌恶是常见的，但它取决于一种错误的争论观点，这种观点给我们的个人和社会生活带来深刻的问题——并且在许多方面从一开始就错过了争论的意义。

And anything that raises GPAs will likely make students – who, at the end of the day, are paying the bill – feel they've gotten a better value for their tuition dollars, which is another big concern for colleges.

并且任何提高平均绩点的事情都可能会让学生——毕竟是他们在支付账单——觉得他们的学费获得了更好的价值，这是大学的另一个大担忧。

The key messages that have been put together for World Environment Day do include a call for governments to enact legislation to curb single-use plastics.

为世界环境日汇集的关键信息确实包括呼吁政府制定立法以遏制一次性塑料。

It says that the problem is not merely that people do bad science, but that our current system of career advancement positively encourages it.

它指出问题不仅仅在于人们进行糟糕的科学研究，而且在于我们当前的职业晋升体系积极地鼓励这种行为。

Only recently have they come to see the vital part forests will have to play in storing carbon.

直到最近，他们才开始认识到森林在碳储存方面必须发挥的重要作用。

"Short-termism" or the desire for quick profits, has worsened in publicly traded companies, says the Bank of England's top economist, Andrew Haldane.

"短期主义"或对快速利润的渴望，在公开交易公司中已经恶化，英国央行首席经济学家安德鲁·霍尔丹表示。

We need progressive policies that shape collective action (and rein in polluting businesses), alongside engaged citizens pushing for change.

我们需要能够塑造集体行动（并约束污染企业）的渐进式政策，以及推动变革的积极公民。

McClain's little ones aren't the only kids who have an opinion when it comes to housing, and in many cases youngsters' views weigh heavily on parents' real estate decisions, according to a 2018 Harris Poll survey of more than 2,000 U.S. adults.

麦克莱恩的小孩并非唯一对住房有看法的孩子，而且在许多情况下，孩子们的观点在父母的房地产决策中占有很大比重，根据一项针对2000多名美国成年人进行的2018年哈里斯民意调查。

Carnegie would be right if arguments were fights, which is how we often think of them.

如果争论是打架，卡内基会是对的，这就是我们经常如何看待它们的方式。

The coming use of autonomous vehicles, for example, poses thorny ethical questions.

例如，自动驾驶汽车即将到来的使用带来了棘手的伦理问题。

What is important is not truth, but publication, which has become almost an end in itself.

重要的不是真相，而是发表，发表本身几乎已经成为了目的。

For example, even in dense forest, you should be able to spot gaps in the tree line due to roads, train tracks, and other paths people carve through the woods.

例如，即使在茂密的森林中，你也应该能够发现林线中的缺口，这些缺口是由于道路、火车轨道以及人们在树林中开辟的其他路径造成的。

Your prospects would be almost as dismal if arguments were even just competitions – like, say, tennis games.

如果争论甚至仅仅是竞争——比如，比如说，网球比赛——那么你的前景几乎会同样黯淡。

Within companies, the right compensation design can provide incentives for executives to think beyond their own time at the company and on behalf of all stakeholders.

在公司内部，正确的薪酬设计能够为高管提供激励，促使他们超越自己在公司的任期，并代表所有利益相关者思考。

Some kids who are low in sympathy may make up for that shortfall by experiencing more guilt, which can rein in their nastier impulses.

一些缺乏同情心的孩子可能会通过体验更多内疚来弥补这一不足，这种内疚能够抑制他们更恶劣的冲动。

In France, shareholders who hold onto a company investment for at least two years can sometimes earn more voting rights in a company.

在法国，持有公司投资至少两年的股东有时可以获得公司更多的投票权。

It also pledged not to deploy AI whose use would violate international laws or human rights.

它还承诺不部署其使用会违反国际法或人权的人工智能。

The ruling is a victory for big chains with a presence in many states, since they usually collect sales tax on online purchases already.

这项裁决对于在许多州有业务存在的大型连锁店来说是一场胜利，因为它们通常已经对在线购买收取销售税了。