2020年考研英语真题长难句

Among other weaknesses, the measures cities must employ when left to tackle dirty air on their own are politically controversial, and therefore vulnerable.

在其他弱点中，城市在被单独留下解决空气污染时必须采用的措施在政治上是有争议的，因此是脆弱的。

Such actions to seek knowledge and to understand what information we already knew were captured by the Latin phrase 'sapere aude' or 'dare to know', after Immanuel Kant used it in his essay "An Answer to the Question: What is Enlightenment?"

这种寻求知识和理解我们已经知道的信息的行为，被拉丁语短语“sapere aude”或“敢于求知”所概括，这是在伊曼努尔·康德在他的文章《对“什么是启蒙运动？”这一问题的回答》中使用该短语之后。

Writing in The New Republic, Alice Lee notes that increasing the number of opportunities for board membership without increasing the pool of qualified women to serve on such boards has led to a "golden skirt" phenomenon, where the same elite women scoop up multiple seats on a variety of boards.

爱丽丝·李在《新共和》杂志撰文指出，在没有增加合格女性担任此类董事会成员的人才储备的情况下，增加董事会成员的机会数量导致了“金裙子”现象，即相同的精英女性在各种董事会中占据多个席位。

France's planned tax is a clear warning: Unless a broad consensus can be reached on reforming the international tax system, other nations are likely to follow suit, and American companies will face a cascade of different taxes from dozens of nations that will prove burdensome and costly.

法国的计划税收是一个明确的警告：除非能够就改革国际税收体系达成广泛共识，否则其他国家很可能会效仿，并且美国公司将面临来自数十个国家的一连串不同的税收，这些税收将被证明是繁重且昂贵的。

The Dutch giant Elsevier, which claims to publish 25% of the scientific papers produced in the world, made profits of more than £900m last year, while UK universities alone spent more than £210m in 2016 to enable researchers to access their own publicly funded research; both figures seem to rise unstoppably despite increasingly desperate efforts to change them.

荷兰巨头爱思唯尔声称出版了全球25%的科学论文，去年利润超过9亿英镑，而仅英国大学在2016年就花费了超过2.1亿英镑，以使研究人员能够获取他们自己的公共资助的研究；尽管人们越来越拼命地努力去改变这些数字，但这两个数字似乎都在不可阻挡地上升。

"Rats have been shown to engage in multiple forms of reciprocal help and cooperation, including what is referred to as direct reciprocity where a rat will help another rat that has previously helped them," says Quinn.

"有研究表明，大鼠会进行多种形式的互惠帮助与合作，包括被称为直接互惠的行为，即一只大鼠会帮助另一只之前帮助过它们的大鼠。"奎因说。

Some might see the proposal as a booby prize for the fact that Britain is no longer able to apply for the much more prestigious title of European capital of culture, a sought-after award bagged by Glasgow in 1990 and Liverpool in 2008.

有些人可能会将该提议视为一个安慰奖，原因是英国不再能够申请更具声望的“欧洲文化之都”称号——这是一个备受追捧的奖项，曾由格拉斯哥于1990年和利物浦于2008年获得。

with the Church's teachings and ways of thinking eclipsed by the Renaissance, the gap between the Medieval and modern periods had been bridged leading to new and unexplored intellectual territories.

随着教会的教义和思维方式被文艺复兴所掩盖，中世纪和现代时期之间的鸿沟已经被弥合，通向了新的和未被探索的知识领域。

In people who score high in a test of neuroticism, a personality dimension associated with self-consciousness and anxiety, eye contact triggered more activity associated with avoidance, according to the Finnish researcher Jari Hietanen and colleagues.

根据芬兰研究人员Jari Hietanen及其同事的研究，在神经质测试中得分高的人（神经质是一种与自我意识和焦虑相关的人格维度）中，眼神接触引发了更多与回避相关的活动。

But it can be done: Glasgow's year as European capital of culture can certainly be seen as one of a complex series of factors that have turned the city into the powerhouse of art, music and theatre that it remains today.

但这是可以做到的：格拉斯哥作为欧洲文化之都的那一年，无疑可以被视为一系列复杂因素之一，这些因素已将这座城市转变为它今天仍然保持的艺术、音乐和戏剧的动力源泉。

This could lead to the rats better remembering having freed it earlier, and wanting the robot to return the favour when they get trapped, she says.

她说，这可能会导致老鼠更好地记住早些时候释放过它，并希望机器人在它们被困住时回报这份恩情。

Many French politicians and media outlets have referred to this as a "GAFA tax," meaning that it is designed to apply primarily to companies such as Google, Apple, Facebook and Amazon—in other words, multinational tech companies based in the United States.

许多法国政客和媒体机构将此称为“GAFA税”，意思是它旨在主要适用于诸如谷歌、苹果、脸书和亚马逊等公司——换句话说，总部设在美国的跨国科技公司。

In some ways the scientific publishing model resembles the economy of the social internet: labour is provided free in exchange for the hope of status, while huge profits are made by a few big firms who run the market places.

在某些方面，科学出版模式类似于社交互联网的经济：劳动力被免费提供以换取地位的希望，而巨额利润则由少数运营市场的大公司赚取。

One study found that people responded best to comments that shifted from negative to positive, possibly because it suggested they had won somebody over.

一项研究发现，人们对从消极转向积极的评论反应最好，这可能是因为这表明他们已经说服了某人。

While studies have shown that acrylamide can cause neurological damage in mice, there is no conclusive evidence that it causes cancer in humans.

虽然研究表明丙烯酰胺会对小鼠造成神经损伤，但没有确凿证据表明它会导致人类癌症。

Next time somebody pushes corporate quotas as a way to promote gender equity, remember that such policies are largely self-serving measures that make their sponsors feel good but do little to help average women.

下次有人将企业配额作为促进性别平等的一种方式来推行时，请记住，此类政策在很大程度上是自私自利的措施，它们让其倡导者感觉良好，但对普通女性几乎没有帮助。

But defining what it means to be a good parent is undoubtedly very tricky, particularly since children respond differently to the same style of parenting.

但是定义成为一个好父母意味着什么无疑是非常棘手的，尤其是因为孩子们对相同的养育方式有不同的反应。

But it has already sparked significant controversy, with the United States trade representative opening an investigation into whether the tax discriminates against American companies, which in turn could lead to trade sanctions against France.

但它已经引发了重大争议，美国贸易代表已对该税收是否歧视美国公司展开调查，这反过来可能导致对法国的贸易制裁。

In signing the measure, California Governor Jerry Brown admitted that the law, which expressly classifies people on the basis of sex, is probably unconstitutional.

在签署这项法案时，加利福尼亚州州长杰里·布朗承认，这项明确基于性别对人进行分类的法律可能违宪。

The most drastic, and thoroughly illegal, reaction has been the emergence of Sci-Hub, a kind of global photocopier for scientific papers, set up in 2012, which now claims to offer access to every paywalled article published since 2015.

最激烈且完全非法的反应是Sci-Hub的出现——一种全球科学论文复印机，成立于2012年，该网站如今声称能提供2015年以来发表的每一篇付费墙文章的访问权限。

That's because they inevitably put the costs of cleaning the air on to individual drivers—who must pay fees or buy better vehicles—rather than on to the car manufacturers whose cheating is the real cause of our toxic pollution.

那是因为他们不可避免地将清洁空气的成本转嫁给个体司机——他们必须支付费用或购买更好的车辆——而不是转嫁给汽车制造商，其欺诈行为是我们有毒污染的真正原因。

Furthermore, the highest CEO salaries are paid to outside candidates, not to the cozy insider picks, another sign that high CEO pay is not some kind of depredation at the expense of the rest of the company.

此外，最高的首席执行官薪资支付给外部候选人，而不是给那些安逸的内部人选，这是另一个迹象，表明高额的首席执行官薪酬并非是以公司其他人为代价的某种掠夺。

Cooper and her colleagues argue that the success of the crown for Hull, where it brought in £220m of investment and an avalanche of arts, ought not to be confined to cities.

库珀和她的同事们认为，赫尔市皇冠项目的成功——该项目带来了2.2亿英镑的投资和大量的艺术活动——不应该局限于城市。

More than half of all British scientific research is now published under open access terms: either freely available from the moment of publication, or paywalled for a year or more so that the publishers can make a profit before being placed on general release.

超过一半的英国科学研究现在以开放获取条款出版：即要么从出版那一刻起免费提供，要么被设置为收费墙一年或更长时间，以便出版商在向公众发布前获得利润。

A more practical goal is to try, to the best of your ability, to be as tolerant and composed as you can when faced with trying situations involving your children.

一个更实际的目标是，尽你最大的能力，在面对涉及你的孩子的棘手情况时，尽可能地宽容和沉着。

A pair of bills sponsored by Massachusetts state Senator Jason Lewis and House Speaker Pro Tempore Patricia Haddad, to ensure "gender parity" on boards and commissions, provides a case in point.

由马萨诸塞州参议员杰森·刘易斯和众议院临时议长帕特里夏·哈达德发起的一对法案，旨在确保董事会和委员会中的“性别平等”，提供了一个恰当的例子。

Scientific method, reductionism and the questioning of Church ideals was to be encouraged, as were ideas of liberty, tolerance and progress.

科学方法、还原论以及对教会理想的质疑将被鼓励，自由、宽容和进步的思想也将被鼓励。

"We'd assumed we'd have to give it a moving head and tail, facial features, and put a scent on it to make it smell like a real rat, but that wasn't necessary," says Janet Wiles at the University of Queensland in Australia, who helped with the research.

“我们原以为必须给它一个活动的头和尾巴、面部特征，并且在它身上添加气味，使它闻起来像一只真正的老鼠，但这是没有必要的，”澳大利亚昆士兰大学的珍妮特·怀尔斯说，她协助了这项研究。

Because the California law applies to all boards, even where there is no history of prior discrimination, courts are likely to rule that the law violates the constitutional guarantee of "equal protection".

因为加利福尼亚州法律适用于所有董事会，即使在没有先前歧视历史的情况下，法院也可能裁定该法律违反“平等保护”的宪法保障。

Just as important as being honest about yourself is being receptive to others.

和对自己诚实同样重要的是对他人持接纳态度。

The best model for understanding the growth of CEO pay is that of limited CEO talent in a world where business opportunities for the top firms are growing rapidly.

理解CEO薪酬增长的最佳模型是，在顶级公司的商业机会迅速增长的世界中，CEO人才有限的那种模型。

These pauses typically occur at about three per second, and the eyes then jump to another spot, until several important points in the image are registered like a series of snapshots.

这些停顿通常每秒发生约三次，然后眼睛跳至另一个点，直到图像中的几个重要点像一系列快照一样被记录下来。

And if Sadiq Khan wins and extends it to the North and South Circular roads in 2021 as he intends, it is sure to spark intense opposition from the far larger number of motorists who will then be affected.

并且如果萨迪克·汗获胜并按其意图在2021年将其扩展到南北环路，那么肯定会引发更多届时受影响的驾车者的强烈反对。

If "entitled" is the most common adjective, fairly or not, applied to millennials (those born between 1981 and 1995), the catchwords for Generation Z are practical and cautious.

如果“有资格的”是最常用来形容千禧一代（1981年至1995年间出生的人）的形容词，无论公平与否，那么Z世代的流行词是务实和谨慎的。

Digital services include everything from providing a platform for selling goods and services online to targeting advertising based on user data, and the tax applies to gross revenue from such services.

数字服务包括从提供在线销售商品和服务的平台到基于用户数据定向广告的一切内容，并且该税适用于此类服务的总收入。

With the content of papers secured for free, the publisher needs only find a market for its journal.

随着论文内容被免费获取，出版商只需为其期刊找到一个市场。

The Food Standards Authority (FSA) has issued a public warning about the risks of a compound called acrylamide that forms in some foods cooked at high temperatures.

食品标准局（FSA）已发布了一项关于一种名为丙烯酰胺的化合物的风险的公开警告，该化合物在一些高温烹饪的食物中形成。

It was with these great revelations that a new kind of philosophy founded in reason was born.

正是伴随着这些伟大的启示，一种以理性为基础的新哲学诞生了。

A report last year pointed out that the costs both of subscriptions and of these "article preparation costs" had been steadily rising at a rate above inflation.

去年的一份报告指出，订阅费用和这些“文章准备费用”的成本一直在以高于通货膨胀的速度稳步上升。

Yet it is principally during this period of stronger governance that CEO pay has been high and rising.

然而，主要正是在这段治理更强的时期，CEO薪酬一直居高不下且不断上涨。

Despite attempts by the Church to suppress this new generation of logicians and rationalists, more explanations for how the universe functioned were being made at a rate that the people could no longer ignore.

尽管教会试图压制这新一代的逻辑学家和理性主义者，关于宇宙如何运作的更多解释正以人们再也无法忽视的速度被提出。

As many took on the duty of trying to integrate reasoning and scientific philosophies into the world, the Renaissance was over and it was time for a new era—the Age of Reason.

当许多人承担起试图将推理和科学哲学融入世界的责任时，文艺复兴结束了，是时候进入一个新的时代——理性时代。

The lesson is not that you should make your personal life an open book, but rather, when given the option to offer up details about yourself or studiously stash them away, you should just be honest.

这个教训不是说你应该把个人生活变成一本公开的书，而是说，当被给予提供关于你自己的细节或刻意把它们藏起来的选择时，你应该只是诚实。

While eye contact may be a sign of connection or trust in friendly situations, it's more likely to be associated with dominance or intimidation in adversarial situations.

虽然眼神交流在友好情境中可能是联系或信任的标志，但在对抗性情境中更可能与支配或恐吓相关。

It turned from God and the authority of the Roman Catholic Church and instead favoured a more humanistic approach to being.

它背离了上帝和罗马天主教会的权威，转而倾向于一种更具人文主义的生存方式。

This was also found in high-functioning men with some autistic spectrum symptoms, who may tend to avoid eye contact.

这也在一些有自闭症谱系症状的高功能男性中被发现，他们可能倾向于避免眼神接触。

The US Supreme Court frowns on sex-based classifications unless they are designed to address an "important" policy interest.

美国最高法院不赞成基于性别的分类，除非它们是为解决“重要的”政策利益而设计的。

Now that members of Generation Z are graduating college this spring—the most commonly-accepted definition says this generation was born after 1995, give or take a year—the attention has been rising steadily in recent weeks.

既然Z世代的成员今年春天即将大学毕业——最普遍接受的定义称这一代人出生于1995年后，上下误差一年——关注度在最近几周稳步上升。

The bills are similar to a measure recently adopted in California, which last year became the first state to require gender quotas for private companies.

这些法案与加利福尼亚州最近通过的一项措施相似，该州去年成为首个要求私营公司实行性别配额的州。

In fact, the ability to emotionally regulate or maintain emotional control when confronted by stress is one of the most important of all life's skills.

事实上，在面临压力时进行情绪调节或保持情绪控制的能力是所有生活技能中最重要的能力之一。