2009年考研英语真题长难句

These groups mainly rely for instilling needed dispositions into the young upon the same sort of association which keeps adults loyal to their group.

这些群体主要依靠与维系成年人对其群体忠诚相同的那种联系，向年轻人灌输所需的性情。

Only gradually was the by-product of the institution noted, and only more gradually still was this effect considered as a directive factor in the conduct of the institution.

只是渐渐地，这个机构的副产品才被注意到，而更渐渐地，这种效果才被视为该机构运作中的一个指导因素。

He argued that human evolution was characterized by a struggle he called the "survival of the fittest," in which weaker races and societies must eventually be replaced by stronger, more advanced races and societies.

他认为，人类进化以一场他称之为“适者生存”的斗争为特征，在这场斗争中，较弱的种族和社群最终必须被更强大、更先进的种族和社群所取代。

While few craftsmen or farmers, let alone dependents and servants, left literary compositions to be analyzed, it is obvious that their views were less fully intellectualized.

虽然很少有工匠或农民（更不用说家属和仆人了）留下文学作品供分析，但很明显，他们的观点在智力上的体现不够充分。

Since our chief business with them is to enable them to share in a common life we cannot help considering whether or not we are forming the powers which will secure this ability.

既然我们与他们的主要事务是使他们能够共享一种共同的生活，我们就不得不考虑我们是否正在形成将确保这种能力的力量。

Besides the ninety or so learned ministers who came to Massachusetts churches in the decade after 1629, there were political leaders like John Winthrop, an educated gentleman, lawyer, and official of the Crown before he journeyed to Boston.

除了1629年之后的十年间来到马萨诸塞教堂的大约九十位博学的牧师之外，还有像约翰·温思罗普这样的政治领袖，他在前往波士顿之前是一位受过教育的绅士、律师以及王室官员。

Even today, in our industrial life, apart from certain values of industriousness and thrift, the intellectual and emotional reaction of the forms of human association under which the world's work is carried on receives little attention as compared with physical output.

即使在今天，在我们的工业生活中，除了勤劳和节俭的某些价值观外，对于世界工作赖以进行的人类联合形式的理智和情感反应，与物质产出相比，很少受到关注。

If humanity has made some headway in realizing that the ultimate value of every institution is its distinctively human effect we may well believe that this lesson has been learned largely through dealings with the young.

如果人类在认识到每个机构的最终价值在于其独特的人文影响方面取得了一些进展，那么我们很可能相信，这一教训主要是通过与年轻人打交道而学到的。

Meanwhile, many settlers had slighter religious commitments than Dane's, as one clergyman learned in confronting folk along the coast who mocked that they had not come to the New World for religion.

与此同时，许多定居者的宗教信仰承诺比戴恩的要轻微，正如一位牧师在与沿海居民对峙时所了解到的，这些居民嘲笑说他们来新大陆不是为了宗教。

In fact, the more new things we try – the more we step outside our comfort zone – the more inherently creative we become, both in the workplace and in our personal lives.

事实上，我们尝试的新事物越多——我们越是走出舒适区——我们就会变得越有内在创造力，无论是在工作场所还是在个人生活中。

Progress in both areas is undoubtedly necessary for the social, political, and intellectual development of these and all other societies; however, the conventional view that education should be one of the very highest priorities for promoting rapid economic development in poor countries is wrong.

在这两个领域的进展对于这些社会及所有其他社会的社会、政治和智力发展无疑是必要的；然而，那种认为教育应是促进贫穷国家快速经济发展的最高优先事项之一的传统观点是错误的。

More recently, while examining housing construction, the researchers discovered that illiterate, non-English-speaking Mexican workers in Houston, Texas, consistently met best-practice labor productivity standards despite the complexity of the building industry's work.

最近，在研究住房建设时，研究人员发现，在得克萨斯州休斯顿，不识字、不会说英语的墨西哥工人尽管面临建筑行业工作的复杂性，却始终达到最佳实践的劳动生产率标准。

We believe that if animals ran the labs, they would test us to determine the limits of our patience, our faithfulness, our memory for locations.

我们认为，如果动物管理实验室，它们会测试我们以确定我们的耐心、忠诚度和位置记忆的极限。

The need of training is too evident and the pressure to accomplish a change in their attitude and habits is too urgent to leave these consequences wholly out of account.

培训的必要性太明显了，而完成他们态度和习惯上改变的压力太紧迫了，以至于不能完全不考虑这些后果。

It may be said that the measure of the worth of any social institution is its effect in enlarging and improving experience, but this effect is not a part of its original motive.

可以说，任何社会制度的价值衡量标准在于其扩大和改善经验的效果，但这种效果并非其最初动机的一部分。

In order to study particular cultures as completely as possible, he became skilled in linguistics, the study of languages, and in physical anthropology, the study of human biology and anatomy.

为了尽可能全面地研究特定文化，他精通语言学（语言的研究）和体质人类学（人类生物学与解剖学的研究）。

Thus poor countries might not be able to escape their poverty traps without political changes that may be possible only with broader formal education.

因此，贫穷国家如果没有政治变革，可能无法摆脱其贫困陷阱，而政治变革只有通过更广泛的正规教育才可能实现。

On the contrary, constraints on improving productivity explain why education isn't developing more quickly there than it is.

相反，对提高生产力的限制解释了为什么那里的教育发展没有比现在更快。

Thus, in his view, diverse aspects of culture, such as the structure of families, forms of marriage, categories of kinship, ownership of property, forms of government, technology, and systems of food production, all changed as societies evolved.

因此，在他看来，文化的不同方面，诸如家庭结构、婚姻形式、亲属类别、财产所有权、政府形式、技术以及食物生产体系，都随着社会的演变而改变。

We are thus led to distinguish, within the broad educational process which we have been so far considering, a more formal kind of education – that of direct tuition or schooling.

因此，在我们迄今为止一直在考虑的广泛教育过程中，我们被引导去区分一种更正规的教育——即直接教学或学校教育。

In order to study particular cultures as completely as possible, he became skilled in linguistics, the study of languages, and in physical anthropology, the study of human biology and anatomy.

为了尽可能全面地研究特定文化，他精通语言学（即语言的研究）和体质人类学（即人类生物学与解剖学的研究）。

Coinciding with the groundbreaking theory of biological evolution proposed by British naturalist Charles Darwin in the 1860s, British social philosopher Herbert Spencer put forward his own theory of biological and cultural evolution.

与19世纪60年代英国博物学家查尔斯·达尔文提出的开创性生物进化理论相吻合，英国社会哲学家赫伯特·斯宾塞提出了他自己的生物和文化进化理论。

Morgan helped found modern anthropology – the scientific study of human societies, customs and beliefs – thus becoming one of the earliest anthropologists.

摩根帮助创立了现代人类学——对人类社会、习俗和信仰的科学研究——因此成为最早的人类学家之一。

Thus, in his view, diverse aspects of culture, such as the structure of families, forms of marriage, categories of kinship, ownership of property, forms of government, technology, and systems of food production, all changed as societies evolved.

因此，在他看来，文化的不同方面，诸如家庭结构、婚姻形式、亲属类别、财产所有权、政府形式、技术以及粮食生产体系，都随着社会的演变而发生了变化。

This DNA can reveal genetic information about only one or two ancestors, even though, for example, just three generations back people also have six other great-grandparents or, four generations back, 14 other great-great-grandparents.

这种DNA只能揭示仅一到两位祖先的遗传信息，尽管例如，仅往上三代，人们也有另外六位曾祖父母，或者往上四代，还有另外十四位高祖父母。

While it is easy to ignore in our contact with them the effect of our acts upon their disposition, it is not so easy as in dealing with adults.

虽然在我们与他们的接触中，忽略我们的行为对他们性格的影响是容易的，但这不像在与成年人打交道时那么容易。

It is a wise father that knows his own child, but today a man can boost his paternal (fatherly) wisdom – or at least confirm that he's the kid's dad.

知子莫若父，但如今一个男人可以提升其为人父的智慧——或者至少能确认他是孩子的父亲。

In addition, the computer programs a company uses to estimate relationships may be patented and not subject to peer review or outside evaluation.

此外，一家公司用来估算关系的计算机程序可能被授予专利，并且不受同行评审或外部评估的约束。

Not long ago, with the country entering a recession and Japan at its pre-bubble peak, the U.S. workforce was derided as poorly educated and one of the primary causes of the poor U.S. economic performance.

不久前，随着美国进入经济衰退期以及日本处于其泡沫前的巅峰时期，美国劳动力被嘲笑为受教育程度低，并且是美国糟糕经济表现的主要原因之一。

For example, British anthropologists Grafton Elliot Smith and W. J. Perry incorrectly suggested, on the basis of inadequate information, that farming, pottery making, and metallurgy all originated in ancient Egypt and diffused throughout the world. In fact, all of these cultural developments occurred separately at different times in many parts of the world.

例如，英国人类学家Grafton Elliot Smith和W. J. Perry基于不充分的信息错误地认为，农业、制陶和冶金都起源于古埃及并传播到全世界。事实上，所有这些文化发展都在世界许多地区于不同时期独立发生。

According to the standard history of American philosophy, nowhere else in colonial America was "so much importance attached to intellectual pursuits."

根据美国哲学的标准历史，在殖民时期的美洲，没有其他任何地方“如此重视知识追求”。

For example, British anthropologists Grafton Elliot Smith and W. J. Perry incorrectly suggested, on the basis of inadequate information, that farming, pottery making, and metallurgy all originated in ancient Egypt and diffused throughout the world. In fact, all of these cultural developments occurred separately at different times in many parts of the world.

例如，英国人类学家Grafton Elliot Smith和W. J. Perry在信息不足的基础上错误地认为，农业、制陶和冶金术都起源于古埃及并传播到全世界。事实上，所有这些文化发展都在世界许多地区于不同时期独立发生。

Sexual confusion, economic frustrations, and religious hope – all came together in a decisive moment when he opened the Bible, told his father that the first line he saw would settle his fate, and read the magical words: "Come out from among them, touch no unclean thing, and I will be your God and you shall be my people."

性困惑、经济挫折和宗教希望——所有这些都在一个决定性的时刻汇聚在一起：当时他打开圣经，告诉他的父亲他看到的第一行文字将决定他的命运，并读到了神奇的话语：“你们要从他们中间出来，不要沾不洁净的物，我就必作你们的神，你们必作我的子民。”

"That's a lie that we have perpetuated, and it fosters commonness. Knowing what you're good at and doing even more of it creates excellence."

"那是我们一直延续的一个谎言，它滋生平庸。了解你擅长什么，并更多地去做它，会造就卓越。"

Only when humanity began to get its food in a more productive way was there time for other things.

只有当人类开始以更高效的方式获取食物时，才有时间做其他事情。

But a number of anthropologists in the early 1900s also rejected the particularist theory of culture in favor of diffusionism.

但是20世纪初的许多人类学家也拒绝文化特殊论，转而支持扩散论。

A lack of formal education, however, doesn't constrain the ability of the developing world's workforce to substantially improve productivity for the foreseeable future.

然而，正规教育的缺乏并不会限制发展中国家劳动力在可预见的未来大幅提高生产力的能力。

When the competitive environment pushed our ancestors to achieve that potential, they could in turn afford more education.

当竞争环境推动我们的祖先去实现那种潜力时，他们反过来能够负担更多的教育。

Yet the research revealed that the U.S. factories of Honda, Nissan, and Toyota achieved about 95 percent of the productivity of their Japanese counterparts – a result of the training that U.S. workers received on the job.

然而研究显示，本田、日产和丰田的美国工厂达到了其日本同行约95%的生产率——这是美国工人在工作中接受培训的结果。

Rather than dismissing ourselves as unchangeable creatures of habit, we can instead direct our own change by consciously developing new habits.

与其将自己视为一成不变的习惯生物，我们反而可以通过有意识地培养新习惯来引导自己的改变。

But in dealing with the young, the fact of association itself as an immediate human fact, gains in importance.

但是在与年轻人打交道时，交往本身作为一种直接的人类事实这一事实，变得越来越重要。

But in keeping with our examination of southern intellectual life, we may consider the original Puritans as carriers of European culture, adjusting to New World circumstances.

但是，与我们对南方知识分子生活的考察一致，我们可以将最初的清教徒视为欧洲文化的载体，适应新世界的环境。

Spencer argued that all worldly phenomena, including human societies, changed over time, advancing toward perfection.

斯宾塞认为，所有世俗现象，包括人类社会，都随着时间发生变化，朝着完美发展。

The findings of a research institution have consistently shown that workers in all countries can be trained on the job to achieve radically higher productivity and, as a result, radically higher standards of living.

一家研究机构的研究结果一致表明，所有国家的工人都可以通过在职培训来实现显著更高的生产力，并且因此实现显著更高的生活水平。

All tests require a potential candidate with whom to compare DNA.

所有测试都需要一个潜在的候选者，用以与其比较DNA。

But don't bother trying to kill off old habits; once those ruts of procedure are worn into the brain, they're there to stay.

但是不必费心尝试改掉旧习惯；一旦那些流程的惯例被磨进大脑，它们就会一直存在。

There is a marked difference between the education which every one gets from living with others and the deliberate educating of the young.

每个人从与他人共同生活中获得的教育和对年轻人的刻意教育之间存在显著差异。

These men wrote and published extensively, reaching both New World and Old World audiences, and giving New England an atmosphere of intellectual earnestness.

这些人大量地写作和发表作品，触及了新世界和旧世界的读者群体，并赋予了新英格兰一种学术上的热忱氛围。

So it seems paradoxical to talk about habits in the same context as creativity and innovation.

因此，在与创造力和创新相同的语境中谈论习惯似乎是矛盾的。

Instead, the new habits we deliberately press into ourselves create parallel pathways that can bypass those old roads.

相反，我们刻意培养的新习惯会形成平行的路径，这些路径能够绕过那些旧的道路。